126 форматты пленка: тарихы мен сипаттамасы

Cartridge based film format used in still photography
For the unrelated roll film format produced from 1906 to 1949, see 126 film (roll format). 126 film is a cartridge based film format used in still photography. It was introduced by Kodak in 1963, and is associated mainly with low end point and shoot cameras, particularly Kodak's own Instamatic series of cameras. Although 126 was once very popular, as of 2008 it is no longer manufactured, and few photofinishers will process it.

In 1963, Kodak introduced a new film, encased in a plastic cartridge, for which they re introduced the "126" designation. (The number was originally used for the unrelated 126 roll film format from 1906 to 1949). The term "126" was intended to show that 26 mm square images were recorded, using Kodak's common 1xx film numbering system. However the image size is actually 28×28 mm, which usually was reduced to approximately 26.5×26.5 mm by masking during printing or mounting. At the nominal 28 mm square size, the image diagonal is  mm, which is close to the  mm diagonal of a 135 film frame (24×36 mm); the crop factor or equivalent focal length multiplier is based on the diagonal measurements. The 126 film cartridge and format were defined in ISO 3029, which has since been withdrawn. Like the 120 format, there is a continuous backing paper, and the frame number is visible through a small window at the rear of the cartridge. Cameras for this type of film are equipped with a large rectangular window in the back door, through which is visible not only the frame number, but also a portion of the label showing the film type and speed. The cartridge has a captive take up spool, but no supply spool: the film and backing paper are simply coiled tightly and placed in the supply end of the cartridge. The positioning of the image is fixed by the cartridge. The film is 35 mm wide, but unlike 135 film, it is unperforated, except for one registration hole per image, similar to the earlier 828 film. The camera is equipped with a sensing pin which falls into this hole when the film is fully advanced to the next frame, at which point the winding knob or lever is locked, so as to prevent winding past the pre exposed frame lines. The top edge of the cartridge above the film gate has a square notch in a specific position that signaled the film speed. Some of the higher end cameras used this notch to determine the correct exposure, or to set the light meter, if so equipped. Although the actual films manufactured in 126 cartridge format had speeds varying between ISO 64/19° and ISO 400/27°, the standard defined 20 different speeds, spanning from ISO 20/14° to ISO 1600/33°. The film was originally available in 12 and 20 image lengths; at the time regular production stopped it was only available in 24 exposure cartridges. The exposed film is stored on the take up spool and does not need to be rewound, making the cameras very simple to load and unload.

The format was introduced in 1963 by Kodak under the brand name Kodapak, together with the Instamatic camera line. and on its Instamatic M series movie cameras using Super 8 film (1965). Around ten million cameras were made by Kodak and other companies. With a few exceptions, the format was mainly used for fairly simple amateur cameras; some of the few high end models were manufactured by companies included Kodak, Minolta, Rollei, Yashica and Zeiss Ikon. The 126 cartridge also was used as the basis for a pinhole camera that could be built using household supplies. Kodak officially discontinued the format on 31 December 1999. Unused, outdated 126 films continue to show up at thrift stores, estate sales, and online auctions. Unless they have been stored frozen, they are probably deteriorated and are suitable only for experimenting.

Ferrania in Italy was the last factory producing 126 film. They marketed an ISO 200 colour print film under their Solaris brand. The last scheduled production run took place in April 2007, but an unscheduled production run in late 2007 surprised industry observers and raised hopes that it had not actually been discontinued. Ferrania's subsequent bankruptcy meant that there was no longer any large scale factory source for 126 film. Some photographers reuse the plastic cartridge from outdated 126 films and reload them with fresh 35mm film. The process is not difficult, but it is not entirely practical since the process must be carried out in the dark, as the 35mm film must be removed from the cartridge. In addition, the two films have significantly different perforation schemes. 126 cameras have a film advance mechanism that relies on one edge perforation per image, and 35mm camera film has eight perforations per image, on both edges of the film. The photographer must use the film advance mechanism several times between images, and one edge of each image will have visible perforations. An adapter is available for photographers without access to 126 cartridges, but the adapter does not fit all cameras. Because it is 35 mm wide and is developed in industry standard C 41 process chemistry, processing of most 126 films is readily available, as long as the photofinisher knows that it is standard, 35 mm wide, C 41 film. Printing the photos can present problems, because modern film processing equipment often cannot handle the square format of 126 film. Some specialist photographic printers can correctly handle it. Standard flatbed scanners that have a light source for scanning film can be used to scan 126 negatives, perhaps using a mask made with black paper. Note that older film may require uncommon film processing such as C 22.