Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыстың алып ұшақ қайығы "Spruce Goose"

American World War II heavy flying boat

The Hughes H 4 Hercules (commonly known as the Spruce Goose; registration NX37602) is a prototype strategic airlift flying boat designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company. Intended as a transatlantic flight transport for use during World War II, it was not completed in time to be used in the war. The aircraft made only one brief flight, on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood (Duramold process) because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminum and concerns about weight, the aircraft was nicknamed the Spruce Goose by critics, although it was made almost entirely of birch. The Birch Bitch was a more accurate but less socially acceptable moniker that was allegedly used by the mechanics who worked on the plane. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built, and it had the largest wingspan of any aircraft ever flown until the twin fuselaged Scaled Composites Stratolaunch first flew on April 13, 2019. The aircraft remains in good condition. After having been displayed to the public in Long Beach, California, from 1980 to 1992, it is now on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, United States.

In 1942, the U. S. War Department needed to transport war materiel and personnel to Britain. Allied shipping in the Atlantic Ocean was suffering heavy losses to German U boats, so a requirement was issued for an aircraft that could cross the Atlantic with a large payload. Wartime priorities meant the aircraft could not be made of strategic materials (e. g., aluminum). The aircraft was the brainchild of Henry J. Kaiser, a leading Liberty ship builder and manufacturer. Kaiser teamed with aircraft designer Howard Hughes to create what would become the largest aircraft yet built. It was designed to carry , 750 fully equipped troops or two 30 ton M4 Sherman tanks. The original designation "HK 1" reflected the Hughes and Kaiser collaboration. and called for three aircraft to be constructed in two years for the war effort. Seven configurations were considered, including twin hull and single hull designs with combinations of four, six, and eight wing mounted engines. The final design chosen was a behemoth, eclipsing any large transport then built. It would be built mostly of wood to conserve metal (its elevators and rudder were fabric covered), and was nicknamed the Spruce Goose (a name Hughes disliked) or the Flying Lumberyard. Construction of the first HK 1 took place 16 months after the receipt of the development contract. Kaiser then withdrew from the project. Hughes continued the program on his own under the designation H 4 Hercules,refn|The Hughes design was initially identified as the HFB 1 to signify "Hughes Flying Boat, First Design". The specialized wood veneer was made by Roddis Manufacturing in Marshfield, Wisconsin. Hamilton Roddis had teams of young women ironing the (unusually thin) strong birch wood veneer before shipping to California. A house moving company transported the airplane on streets to Pier E (now Pier T) in Long Beach, California. They moved it in three large sections: the fuselage, each wing—and a fourth, smaller shipment with tail assembly parts and other smaller assemblies. After Hughes Aircraft completed final assembly, they erected a hangar around the flying boat, with a ramp to launch the H 4 into the harbor.</blockquote>

In all, development cost for the plane reached $23 million (equivalent to $23.0 in 1947 is equivalent to about <calculated amount> in recent years million in dollars).

Hughes returned to California during a break in the Senate hearings to run taxi tests on the H 4. Four reporters left to file stories after the first two taxi runs while the remaining press stayed for the final test run of the day. After picking up speed on the channel facing Cabrillo Beach, the Hercules lifted off, remaining airborne for 26 seconds at 70 feet (21 m) off the water at a speed of for about one mile (1.6 km). At this altitude, the aircraft still experienced ground effect. To Hughes, these tests demonstrated that the (now unneeded) plane was flight worthy, and thus worth the use of government funds. The H 4 never flew again. Its lifting capacity and ceiling were never tested. Afterwards a full time crew of 300 workers, all sworn to secrecy, maintained the aircraft in flying condition in a climate controlled hangar. The company reduced the crew to 50 workers in 1962 and then disbanded it after Hughes' death in 1976.

Ownership of the H 4 was disputed by the U. S. government, which had contracted for its construction. In the mid 1970s, an agreement was reached whereby the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum would receive the Hughes H 1 Racer and section of the H 4's wing, the Summa Corporation would pay $700,000 and receive ownership of the H 4, the U. S. government would cede any rights, and the aircraft would be protected "from commercial exploitation." In 1980, the H 4 was acquired by the Aero Club of Southern California, which later put the aircraft on display in a very large geodesic dome next to the Queen Mary ship exhibit in Long Beach, California. The large dome facility became known as the Spruce Goose Dome. The very large enclosed indoor dome area around the H 4 consisted of meeting and special event space, elaborate audio visual displays about Howard Hughes and the aircraft itself, and dining areas for tourists. Many convention groups held large dinners, sales meetings, and even concerts under the wings of the aircraft at night when the Spruce Goose Dome was closed to tourists. In 1986, a secondary simulator style attraction named Time Voyager was constructed next to the H 4, at a cost of $2.5 million (~$ in ). In 1988, The Walt Disney Company acquired both Long Beach attractions and the associated Long Beach real estate by Pier J. In 1991, Disney informed the Aero Club of Southern California that it no longer wished to display the Hercules aircraft after its highly ambitious Port Disney plan was scrapped. After a long search for a suitable host, the Aero Club of Southern California arranged for the Hughes Hercules flying boat to be given to Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in exchange for payments and a percentage of the museum's profits. The aircraft was transported by barge, train, and truck to its current home in McMinnville, Oregon (about 40 mile (64 km) southwest of Portland), where it was reassembled by Contractors Cargo Company and is currently on display. The aircraft arrived in McMinnville on February 27, 1993, after a 138 day, 1055 mile (1698 km) trip from Long Beach. The Spruce Goose geodesic dome is now used by Carnival Cruise Lines as its Long Beach terminal. By the mid 1990s, the former Hughes Aircraft hangars at Hughes Airport, including the one that held the Hercules, were converted into sound stages. Scenes from movies such as Titanic, What Women Want and End of Days have been filmed in the aircraft hangar where Howard Hughes created the flying boat. The hangar will be preserved as a structure eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places in what is today the large light industry and housing development in the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles. It has since been converted to office and event space by Google.

Performance specifications are projected.