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The Wagner tuba is a four valve brass instrument commissioned by and named after Richard Wagner. It combines technical features of both standard tubas and French horns, though despite its name, the Wagner tuba is more similar to the latter, and usually played by horn players. Wagner commissioned the instrument for his four part opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, where its purpose was to bridge the acoustical and textural gap between the French horn and trombone. The sound produced by this instrument has been variously described as "smoky", "metallic", "unearthly" and "majestic". Wagner tubas (or Tenortuben and Basstuben) are also referred to as Wagnertuben, Waldhorntuben, Bayreuth tuben, Ring tuben, or Horn tuben by German writers, but it is most common to refer to them in English as Wagner tubas. Wagner's published scores usually refer to these instruments in the plural, Tuben, but sometimes in the singular, Tuba.

The Wagner tuba was originally created for Richard Wagner's operatic cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, which was based on Nordic mythology. He was attempting to perfect the Valhalla motive, as this was the first opera in which he attempted to conceive pitch, rhythm, and instrumentation in a single step. He first planned to use trombones for the motive, but ultimately decided to create a new instrument, which he called Tuben. He planned to use four pairs of horn players; the last two pairs would double on the new instruments, a pair pitched in F (bass tuben) and a pair in Bb (tenor tuben). Wagner wanted a sound that would invoke Norse legends and create a better blend in the brass section. He wanted an instrument that had the sound of a lur, which is an ancient Nordic natural horn. In 1797, archeologists had unearthed ancient lurs that were still in playable condition. Through this, Wagner knew it was the sound he was searching for, but the natural horns were not chromatic. This meant that Wagner needed the flexibility of a saxhorn, which were valved instruments that allowed for chromatic range. Finally, with the help of the C. W. Moritz firm in Berlin, Wagner was able to develop his idea into a finished product. Another important figure in the development of the Wagner Tuba was Belgian Writer and Musician, Victor Charles Mahillon. Mahillon designed a Wagner Tuba to be specifically played by trombonists, contrasting Adolphe Sax's Wagner Tuba that is meant to be played by horn players. Since then, other composers have written for it, most notably Anton Bruckner, in whose Symphony No. 7 a quartet of them is first heard in the slow movement in memory of Wagner, and Richard Strauss, who composed several works that used the Wagner tuba, including his Alpine Symphony. The Paxman Musical Instruments horn manufacturer continues to produce Wagner tubas in F and B. The workshop of Engelbert Schmid also produces Wagner tubas. Some other companies that manufacture Wagner tubas include Hans Hoyer, Wessex, and Alexander.

The Wagner tuba is built with rotary valves, which (like those on the horn) are played with the left hand. The Wagner tuba's bore size is similar to that of a cornophone, which results in a similar sound. The Wagner tuba nominally exists in two sizes, tenor in B and bass in F, with ranges comparable to those of horns in the same pitches while being less adept at the highest notes. Several 20th century and later manufacturers have, however, combined the two instruments into a double Wagner tuba that can easily be configured in either B or F.