Троа-Ривьер қаласы: Тарихы мен географиясы

Trois Rivières (tʁwɑ ʁivjɛʁ, – 'Three Rivers') is a city in the Mauricie administrative region of Quebec, Canada, at the confluence of the Saint Maurice and Saint Lawrence rivers, on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River across from the city of Bécancour. It is part of the densely populated Quebec City–Windsor Corridor and is approximately halfway between Montreal and Quebec City. Trois Rivières is the economic and cultural hub of the Mauricie region. The settlement was founded by French colonists on July 4, 1634, as the second permanent settlement in New France, after Quebec City in 1608. The name of Trois Rivières, which dates from the end of the 16th century, was used by French explorers in reference to the three channels in the Saint Maurice River formed at its mouth with the Saint Lawrence, as it is divided by two islands, Potherie (Île Caron) and Île Saint Quentin. The city occupies a location near where Jacques Cartier, in a 1535 trip along the St. Lawrence, stopped to plant a cross on Saint Quentin island. Trois Rivières is also the name of a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) of Quebec, coextensive with the city of Trois Rivières. Its geographical code is 371. Together with the regional county municipality of Les Chenaux, it forms the census division (CD) of Francheville (37). The municipalities within Les Chenaux and the former municipalities that were amalgamated into Trois Rivières formerly constituted the regional county municipality of Francheville. Trois Rivières is the seat of the judicial district of the same name.

The city's name, which is French for 'three rivers', is named for the fact the Saint Maurice River has three mouths at the Saint Lawrence River, as it is divided by two islands in the river. The Trois Rivières name was used for the first time in 1599 by Sieur François Gravé Du Pont, a geographer under Champlain, whose records confirmed the name in 1603. As Sieur Gravé Du Pont sailed upriver toward Montreal, he saw what appeared to be three separate tributaries. He did not know two large islands divide the course of the Saint Maurice River in three parts where the latter flows into the St. Lawrence River. Historically, in English this city was once known as Three Rivers. Since the late 20th century, when there has been more recognition of Quebec and French speakers, the city has generally been referred to as Trois Rivières in both English and French. The anglicized name still appears in many areas of the town (e. g., the city's Three Rivers Academy), bearing witness to the influence of English settlers in the town. The city's inhabitants are known as Trifluviens (Trifluvians).

For thousands of years, the area that would later become known as Trois Rivières was frequented by indigenous peoples. The historic Algonquin and Abenaki peoples used it as a summer stopping place. They would fish and hunt here, as well as gather roots and nuts. The area was rich in resources. The French explorer Jacques Cartier described the site while on his second journey to the New World in 1535. The name "Trois Rivières", however, was not given until 1599, by Captain Dupont Gravé, and first appeared on maps of the area dated 1601. In 1603, while surveying the Saint Lawrence River, Samuel de Champlain recommended establishing a permanent settlement in the area. The settlement grew into a village, officially formed on July 4, 1634, by its first governor, Sieur de Laviolette. Early inhabitants of Trois Rivières included Quentin Moral, Sieur de St Quentin; future governor Pierre Boucher de Grosbois, François Hertel de la Fresnière (father of Joseph François Hertel de la Fresnière), François Marguerie, René Robineau, and Jean Sauvaget, and interpreter Jean Godefroy de Lintot, who married Marie, daughter of Michel Le Neuf. Jacques Leneuf de La Poterie, who would become governor of Trois Rivières, and acting governor of New France, and royal judge Michel Le Neuf du Hérisson, who would be acting governor of Trois Rivières, brothers, arrived with their widowed mother, Jeanne Le Marchand, in 1636. The Le Neufs were accompanied by Jacques' wife, Marguerite, and her brothers, Pierre Legardeur de Repentigny and future governor Charles Legardeur de Tilly. The city was the second to be founded in New France (after Quebec City, before Montreal). Given its strategic location, it played an important role in the colony and in the fur trade with First Nations peoples. The settlement became the seat of a regional Government of Trois Rivières in 1665. Ursuline nuns first arrived at the settlement in 1697, where they founded the first school and helped local missionaries to Christianize the local indigenous people, developing a class of Métis people. French sovereignty in Trois Rivières continued until 1760, when the city was captured as part of the British conquest of Canada during the Seven Years' War. Sixteen years later, on June 8, 1776, it was the theatre of the Battle of Trois Rivières (part of the ill fated invasion of the province of Quebec by les Bostonnais, Americans from the Boston area) during the American Revolutionary War who arrived with the goal of weakening the British settlement. Trois Rivières continued to grow in importance throughout this period and beyond. In 1792 it was designated as the seat of a judicial district. In 1852, the Roman Catholic church made this the see of the Diocese of Trois Rivières. In 1816, Captain A. G. Douglas, a former adjutant at the British military college at Great Marlow, recommended a military college for Catholic and Protestant boys be established at Trois Rivières. He proposed it operate in a disused government house and he would be superintendent. Douglas' college was intended as a boarding school to educate the young sons of officers, amongst others, in Latin, English, French, history, geography, drawing and mathematics. This preceded the founding of the Royal Military College of Canada in 1876. In 1908, the greater part of the city of Trois Rivières was destroyed by a fire; most of the city's original buildings, many dating to the French colonial years, were destroyed. Among the surviving buildings were the Ursuline Monastery and the De Tonnancour Manor. As a result of the destruction, a major redesign and renovation of the city was undertaken, including the widening and renewal of many of the city's roads. Many new businesses and industries became established in the town, attracting additional residents. During the mid century, the city became heavily industrialized and lost jobs during the later restructuring. In the 1960s, Trois Rivières undertook a large scale project of economic diversification, including founding several cultural institutions and attractions. The Old City of Trois Rivières was declared an "historic sector" in 1964. The Laviolette Bridge, linking Trois Rivières to Bécancour and the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, was opened officially on December 20, 1967. In 1969, the city founded the Université du Québec à Trois Rivières, known for its chiropractic school, its podiatric medical education, and its programs for primary and secondary school education. Although historically an important centre of commerce, trade and population, Trois Rivières has been superseded by the two major cities of Quebec: the metropolis of Montreal and the capital of Quebec City. It remains as one of the principal medium sized cities of Quebec, along with Saguenay, Sherbrooke, and Gatineau.

Saint Quentin Island lies at the confluence of the Saint Maurice River and St. Lawrence River, where the city of Trois Rivières developed. With the islands Saint Christophe and De La Poterie, it creates three channels at the mouth of the Saint Maurice River, where it flows into St. Lawrence River. The island was named in honour of judge Quentin Moral, also said to be a fur trader and one of the first dealers on this island. It is now a centre of popular outdoor activities and relaxation at the heart of city. The patron saint of the island is Quentin de Rome. It was first inhabited by an Algonquin tribe who cultivate corn in the lowlands of the river. On October 7, 1535, Jacques Cartier planted a cross on the island and proclaimed the sovereignty of France on this territory. A commemorative wrought iron cross was erected at the site associated with Cartier's claim. The natural environment of Saint Quentin has remained virtually unchanged. For nearly a century, it was not developed or cultivated. Since 1930, the island has become more important as a destination for recreation. The island belonged at the time to Quebec Savings and Trust Company Limited and the Canada Power and Paper Corporation. The city bid for the land in 1933, but did not take ownership until November 3, 1947. During World War II, it was the site of a training camp for the Royal Canadian Navy. Services were gradually introduced in 1950. The park and the beach on the island Saint Quentin were officially inaugurated on June 24, 1962, in the presence of 5,000 people. There were more than 100 000 visitors that year. Since then, many facilities have been developed on the island, including a marina, a bike path, an interpretative trail, an ice rink, and camping ground. Several happenings and festivals are held annually on the island.

The area has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). Winters are long, cold, and snowy: the January high is , with lows dropping to on 27 nights per year and to on 2.9 nights. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 5 February 1923.

French was the sole mother tongue of 93.9% of residents of Trois Rivières. The next most common first languages cited were English (1.2%), Spanish (1.1%), and Arabic (0.8%). 0.7% claimed both English and French as a first language, while 0.5% claimed both French and a non official language.

In 2021, 71.0% of Trois Rivières residents were Christian, down from 89.9% in 2011. 64.6% of residents were Catholic, 4.4% were Christians of unspecified denomination, and 0.7% were Protestants. All other Christian denominations and Christian related traditions accounted for 1.3% of the population. 26.8% of residents were nonreligious or secular, up from 9.1% in 2011. All other religions and spiritual traditions account for 2.1% of the population. The largest non Christian religion was Islam (1.6%).

According to the 2021 census, Approximately 92.1% of residents were White, 1.9% were Indigenous and 6.0% were visible minorities. The largest visible minority groups in Trois Rivières were Black (2.8%), Latin American (1.2%), and Arab (1.0%). + Panethnic groups in the City of Trois Rivières (2001−2021)Panethnicgroup20212016201120062001Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage)Pop. (Population)% (percentage) European 123,100 92.09 122,690 95.10 122,315 96.33 120,365 97.42 43,990 97.63 Black 3,735 2.79 1,810 1.40 1,175 0.93 610 0.49 295 0.65 Indigenous 2,555 1.91 1,780 1.38 1,430 1.13 1,035 0.84 375 0.83 Latin American 1,610 1.20 1,090 0.84 820 0.65 500 0.40 80 0.18 Middle Eastern 1,395 1.04 810 0.63 630 0.50 505 0.41 90 0.20 East Asian 500 0.37 330 0.26 300 0.24 215 0.17 25 0.06 Southeast Asian 400 0.30 245 0.19 180 0.14 225 0.18 200 0.44 South Asian 205 0.15 150 0.12 40 0.03 45 0.04 0 0.00 Other 185 0.14 90 0.07 70 0.06 50 0.04 10 0.02 Total responses 133,675 96.06 129,010 95.98 126,975 96.68 123,555 97.81 45,060 97.40 Total population 139,163 100.00 134,413 100.00 131,338 100.00 126,323 100.00 46,264 100.00
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

Trois Rivières is Canada's oldest industrial city, with its first foundry established in 1738. The forge produced iron and cast for 150 years, much of it being shipped to France to be used in French navy ships. The first port facility was built in 1818 near rue Saint Antoine, and today handles 2.5 million tonnes of cargo annually. The first railway was built in 1879 to support the growing lumber industry. From the late 1920s until the early 1960s, the city was known as the pulp and paper industry capital of the world. The city once had five mills in operation (Trois Rivières Ouest, Wayagamack, C. I. P., and St Maurice Paper). Today, there are three mills left operating (Kruger Trois Rivières Ouest, Kruger Wayagamack and Cascades Lupel ex St Maurice Paper); the closures resulted largely to a decline in newsprint demand and globalization. The closures were not limited to just the pulp and paper industry. Trois Rivières had an industrial decline in the 1980s and 1990s, when several textile mills were closed after owners moved jobs offshore. Unemployment rose to 14 percent in the 1990s. Trois Rivières is attempting an industrial revitalization by establishing technology parks and taking advantage of its central location to both Montreal and Quebec City, its university and port. An example of the new economy is Marmen Incorporated, which manufactures wind turbine towers and employs 1,000 people between its operations in Trois Rivières and Matane. The city's other prominent industries include metal transformation, electronics, thermoplastics, and cabinet making. An industrial park adjoining Trois Rivières Airport serves also as a major centre for the aeronautical industry. Also, the production of food crops is still important to the economy.

Trois Rivières hosts the FestiVoix de Trois Rivières, a 10 day summer music festival which attracts in excess of 300,000 visitors annually. The city also hosts the Festival International de la Poésie – an international poetry festival – as well as the Festival International Danse Encore, and the MetalFest de Trois Rivières every November. In 2009, Trois Rivières was designated as the 2009 Cultural Capital of Canada for cities having a population of 125,000 or more. Trois Rivières is officially the "Poetry Capital of Quebec". Numerous plaques displaying poetic verses are installed throughout the centre of the city. An International Festival of Poetry is held annually in the first week of October.

The city's main thoroughfare is Boulevard des Forges, an area several blocks long in the heart of the Old Town composed of century old buildings housing a great variety of cafés, restaurants, clubs, bars, and shops. In the warmer months, the area is regularly closed to vehicular traffic to accommodate various festivals and events, turning the downtown core into a pedestrian mall. Notable landmarks include the Forges du Saint Maurice, a foundry dating back to the 1730s, the Ursulines Monastery, and Notre Dame du Cap Basilica.

Trois Rivières has an internationally known racetrack named Circuit Trois Rivières. The track has hosted American Le Mans Series, SCCA Pro Racing Trans Am Series, Star Mazda Series, World RX of Canada and the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series events. In baseball, Trois Rivières is represented by the Frontier League's Trois Rivières Aigles which play their home games at Stade Quillorama. In professional ice hockey, the city is host to the ECHL's Trois Rivières Lions (farm team of the Montreal Canadiens) beginning with the 2021–22 season, and has had several teams in the Ligue Nord Américaine de Hockey, typically with home games at the Colisée de Trois Rivières. The city is also the site of the only remaining pari mutuel (wagering) harness racing track in Quebec, Hippodrome de Trois Rivières, which operates live standardbred racing from May through October. In 2014, the hippodrome has resurrected the Prix d'Été, a once major Canadian race for four year old pacers that had been contested in Montreal until 1992.

Since its incorporation in 1845, the city has had thirty six mayors. The mayor presides over the Trois Rivières City Council.

Local bus service is provided by the Société de transport de Trois Rivières. The Laviolette Bridge links Trois Rivières to Bécancour of the Centre du Québec administrative region on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River. The Laviolette Bridge is the only bridge across the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City; therefore it provides an important connection between the north and south shores of the river. Known for its impressive structure, its elegant aesthetics, the bridge has become a major landmark of Trois Rivières and the Mauricie region. Approximately 40,000 vehicles cross the bridge each day. An airport also serves the city. Passenger rail service was provided to Trois Rivières station as recently as 1990, but was suspended as part of service cuts by Via Rail. However, in 2022 Via Rail proposed adding passenger rail service again to Trois Rivières as part of its High Frequency Rail project that would link Toronto, Ottawa, Montréal and Québec City. On April 8, 2014, during morning commute an SUV fell into a giant pothole in Trois Rivières caused by heavy rain accumulation. Nobody was injured during the incident. The city hosts a major ice free port on the Saint Lawrence River, handling about 300 ships per annum.

Trois Rivières is home to the Université du Québec à Trois Rivières, and the Mauricie Campus of the Université de Montréal, a satellite campus for the university's faculty of medicine.