Аvoirdupois салмақ жүйесінің тарихы мен дамуы

System of weights based on a pound of 16 ounces
Avoirdupois (,/æ//v//ər//d//ə/'/p//ɔɪ//z//, /,/æ//v//w//ɑr//dj//uː/'/p//w//ɑː/;

The current spelling of the last word is poids in the current standard French orthography, but the spelling avoirdupois remained as is in the anglosphere.

The rise in use of the measurement system corresponds to the regrowth of trade during the High Middle Ages after the early crusades, when Europe experienced a growth in towns, turned from the chaos of warlordism to long distance trade, and began annual fairs, tournaments and commerce, by land and sea. There are two major hypotheses regarding the origins of the avoirdupois system. The older hypothesis is that it originated in France. A newer hypothesis is that it is based on the weight system of Florence. The avoirdupois weight system is thought to have come into use in England around 1300. It was originally used for weighing wool. In the early 14th century several other specialized weight systems were used, including the weight system of the Hanseatic League with a 16 ounce pound of 7200 grains and an 8 ounce mark. However, the main weight system, used for coinage and for everyday use, was based on the 12 ounce tower pound of 5400 grains. From the 14th century until the late 16th century, the system's basis and the prototype for today's international pound, the avoirdupois pound, was also known as the wool pound or the avoirdupois wool pound. The earliest known version of the avoirdupois weight system had the following units: a pound of 6992 grains, a stone of 14 pounds, a woolsack of 26 stone, an ounce of 1/16 pound, and finally, the ounce was divided into 16 "parts". The earliest known occurrence of the word "avoirdupois" (or some variant thereof) in England is from a document entitled Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris ("Treatise on Weights and Measures"). This document is listed in early statute books under the heading 31 Edward I dated 2 February 1303. More recent statute books list it among statutes of uncertain date. Scholars nowadays believe that it was probably written between 1266 and 1303. Initially a royal memorandum, it eventually took on the force of law and was recognized as a statute by King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I. It was repealed by the Weights and Measures Act 1824. In the Tractatus, the word "avoirdupois" refers not to a weight system, but to a class of goods, specifically heavy goods sold by weight, as opposed to goods sold by volume, count, or some other method. Since it is written in Anglo Norman French, this document is not the first occurrence of the word in the English language.

Three major developments occurred during the reign of Edward III (r. 1327–1377). First, a statute cited as 14 Edw 3 Stat. 1 c. 12 (1340) "Bushels and Weights shall be made and sent into every County." The second major development is the statute 25 Edw 3 Stat. 5 c. 9 (1350) "The Auncel Weight shall be put out, and Weighing shall be by equal Balance." The third development is a set of 14th century bronze weights at the Westgate Museum in Winchester, England. The weights are in denominations of 7 pounds (corresponding to a unit known as the clip or wool clip), 14 pounds (stone), 56 pounds (4 stone) and 91 pounds (1/4 sack or woolsack). The 91 pound weight is thought to have been commissioned by Edward III in conjunction with the statute of 1350, while the other weights are thought to have been commissioned in conjunction with the statutes of 1340. The 56 pound weight was used as a reference standard as late as 1588. A statute of Henry VIII (24 Hen 8 c. 3) made avoirdupois weights mandatory. In 1588 Queen Elizabeth increased the weight of the avoirdupois pound to 7000 grains and added the troy grain to the avoirdupois weight system. Prior to 1588, the "part" (1/16) was the smallest unit in the avoirdupois weight system. In the 18th century, the "part" was renamed "drachm".