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Fictional character created by James Thurber

Walter Jackson Mitty is a fictional character in James Thurber's first short story "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty," first published in The New Yorker on March 18, 1939, and in book form in My World—and Welcome to It in 1942. Thurber loosely based the character, a daydreamer, on himself. It was made into a film in 1947 starring Danny Kaye, with a remake in 2013 directed by, and starring Ben Stiller.

Mitty is a meek, mild mannered man with a vivid fantasy life. In a few dozen paragraphs, he imagines himself a wartime pilot, an emergency room surgeon, and a devil may care killer. Although the story has humorous elements, there is a darker and more significant message underlying the text, leading to a more tragic interpretation of the Mitty character. Even in his heroic daydreams, Mitty does not triumph, several fantasies being interrupted before the final one sees Mitty dying bravely in front of a firing squad. In the brief snatches of reality that punctuate Mitty's fantasies, the reader meets well meaning but insensitive strangers who inadvertently rob Mitty of some of his remaining dignity.

The character's name has come into more general use to refer to an ineffectual dreamer and appears in several dictionaries. The American Heritage Dictionary defines a Walter Mitty as "an ordinary, often ineffectual person who indulges in fantastic daydreams of personal triumphs". The most famous of Thurber's inept male protagonists, the character is considered "the archetype for dreamy, hapless, Thurber Man". When referencing actor Errol Flynn, Warner Brothers studio head, Jack L. Warner, noted in his autobiography, My First Hundred Years in Hollywood, "To the Walter Mittys of the world he [Flynn] was all the heroes in one magnificent, sexy, animal package". In the song Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll, Ian Dury refers to the clothes of Mr. Walter Mitty as a better alternative to wearing grey. So the character is set as an example to be unconventional. In the December 2, 1963 edition of Newsweek Magazine (and later published as a slim book), Washington Post Editor Ben Bradlee recalled his friend John F. Kennedy in a column and described his, "Walter Mitty streak, as wide as his smile" citing Kennedy on the golf course when he played well as embodying Arnold Palmer's power or Julius Boros' finesse. The character is mentioned in the opening lines of the Mark Lindsay 1970 hit song, "Silver Bird": "Get aboard the silver bird, departing gate 19/Satisfy your Walter Mitty mind, tryin' out a dream." In his 1992 biography of Henry Kissinger, Walter Isaacson records that on October 6, 1973, during the 1973 Arab Israeli War, Kissinger urged President Richard Nixon's Chief of Staff General Alexander Haig to keep Nixon in Florida in order to avoid any "hysterical" moves and to keep any "Walter Mitty tendencies" under control. In the 1997 book Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer—a personal account of the events of the 1996 Everest disaster—Krakauer states: "Walter Mittys with Everest dreams need to bear in mind that when things go wrong up in the death zone (above 26,000 feet)—and sooner or later they always do—the strongest guides in the world may be powerless to save a client's life; indeed as the events of 1996 demonstrated, the strongest guides in the world are sometimes powerless to save even their own lives." In the 1999 autobiography John Glenn: A Memoir by Mercury by astronaut and US Senator John Glenn, he states, "The average person could Walter Mitty him or herself into winning the Indianapolis 500, since everybody drove a car; all you had to do was imagine yourself going faster and making nothing but left turns. But space was so new nobody had a way to relate to it realistically." In 2007, automaker Ford stated that it had to exclude from the list of potential bidders "Walter Mitty" types who had dreams but no experience, prior to the sale of their Aston Martin British GT car brand to a consortium of business interests from America and the Middle East, headed by Prodrive founder and world rally championship owner David Richards. Impostor Alan McIlwraith, who falsely claimed to be a knighted war hero, was dubbed "Sir Walter Mitty" by the press. The Guardian reported on April 20, 2009 that a leaked British National Party training manual described some members as "liars, oddballs, and Walter Mitty types". The Guardian reported on January 23, 2016 that up to 10% of servicemen and ex servicemen who made use of the services of military psychiatrists for PTSD were "Walter Mitty" characters who fabricated or exaggerated their experiences in combat. Terry Gilliam described his film Brazil as "Walter Mitty meets Franz Kafka". In his January 20, 2021 column "Witless Ape Rides Helicopter" in National Review magazine, Kevin D. Williamson criticized the US Republican Party for the legacy of Donald Trump's presidency, saying "maybe turning your party over to Generalissimo Walter Mitty, his hideous scheming spawn, and the studio audience from Hee Haw was not just absolutely aces as a political strategy."

Individuals who impersonate serving or retired members of the armed forces are known as "Walts" in the British Armed Forces, a shortened form of "Walter Mitty". In the United Kingdom, it is an offence under the Armed Forces Act 2006 to wear real or replica military decorations to pretend to be a member of the armed forces. In his book on selection for the SAS, Andy McNab wrote that soldiers from other units who were applying to join and who gave away the fact they were motivated by reasons of personal vanity were labelled as "Walter Mitties" and quietly sent home.

The character was first played by Danny Kaye in the 1947 film version. Thurber opposed this 1947 production. A 2013 re make of the film starred, and was directed by, Ben Stiller. This too bore little resemblance to Thurber's vision of the character.