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Sore throat, also known as throat pain, is pain or irritation of the throat. Usually, causes of sore throat include:
viral infections
group A streptococcal infection (GAS) bacterial infection
pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat)
tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils), or dehydration, which leads to the throat drying up. The majority of sore throats are caused by a virus, for which antibiotics are not helpful. For sore throat caused by bacteria (GAS), treatment with antibiotics may help the person get better faster, reduce the risk that the bacterial infection spreads, prevent retropharyngeal abscesses and quinsy, and reduce the risk of other complications such as rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.

The most common cause (80%) is acute viral pharyngitis, a viral infection of the throat. In children, streptococcal pharyngitis is the cause of 35–37% of sore throats. A group A streptococcus infection can be diagnosed by throat culture or a rapid test. In order to perform a throat culture, a sample from the throat (obtained by swabbing) is cultured (grown) on a blood agar plate to confirm the presence of group A streptococcus. Pain medications such as non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol (acetaminophen) help in the management of pain. The use of corticosteroids seems to increase slightly the likelihood of resolution and the reduction of pain, but more analysis is necessary to ensure that this minimal benefit outweighs the risks. Antibiotics probably reduce pain, diminish headaches and could prevent some sore throat complications; but, since these effects are small, they must be balanced with the threat of antimicrobial resistance. It is not known whether antibiotics are effective for preventing recurrent sore throat. There is only limited evidence that a hot drink can help alleviate a sore throat, and other common cold and influenza symptoms. If the sore throat is unrelated to a cold and is caused by, for example, tonsillitis, a cold drink may be helpful. There are also other medications like lozenges which can help people to cope with a sore throat. Without active treatment, symptoms usually last two to seven days.

In the United States, there are about 2.4 million emergency department visits with throat related complaints per year.