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Grom class destroyer

ORP Błyskawica (Lightning) is a which served in the Polish Navy during World War II. She is the only Polish Navy ship to have been decorated with the Virtuti Militari, Poland's highest military order for gallantry, and in 2012 was given the Pro Memoria Medal. Błyskawica is preserved as a museum ship in Gdynia and is the oldest preserved destroyer in the world. Błyskawica is moored next to the Dar Pomorza. She was the second of two Grom (Thunderbolt) class destroyers built for the Polish Navy by J. Samuel White, of Cowes, in 1935–37. The Grom class were two of the most heavily armed and fastest destroyers in World War II.

In 1934 the British shipbuilder J. Samuel White won a competition to design and build large destroyers for the Polish Navy, beating a proposal from fellow British shipbuilder Swan Hunter. (A design by the French shipyard Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire had been rejected in 1933). An order for two destroyers of the Grom class was placed on 29 March 1935. At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, the Naval Directorate (KMW) made efforts to acquire other destroyers after the Wicher and Burza. The 1932 Danzig crisis led to a navalist turn in Poland, and Poland's de facto leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski, became more willing to allocate funds for the navy. On November 24, 1932, the head of the KMW Rear Admiral Jerzy Świrski obtained, after a personal conversation with Marshal Piłsudski, his oral consent to expand the existing fleet. As a result, in May 1933, a tender for the supply of two destroyers was issued among the French shipyards, and after its fiasco, the next in January 1934 among the Swedish shipyards, also failed in disagreement. During this time, tactical and technical assumptions for the planned ships crystallized, including, among others, the use of 120 mm Bofors guns as their primary armament. When they were built, the Groms were amongst the fastest and most heavily armed destroyers to be built. Błyskawica was long overall and between perpendiculars, with a beam of and a draught of Displacement was standard and full load. Three 3 drum boilers fed steam to two sets of geared steam turbines which were rated at , driving two propeller shafts to give a design speed of Błyskawica was commissioned on 1 October 1937. In December 1941, Błyskawica was rearmed, with the 120 mm guns for which ammunition was not available replaced by four twin Mk XVI dual purpose guns. The 13.2 mm machine guns were replaced by four Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and the second set of torpedo tubes were reinstated.

Two days before the war, on 30 August 1939, Błyskawica withdrew, along with the destroyers and , from the Baltic Sea to Britain in accordance with the Peking Plan to avoid open conflict with Germany and possible destruction. The three destroyers were sighted by German warships, including the cruiser German cruiser Königsberg on 30 and 31 August, but hostilities had not yet started, and the Polish destroyers passed by unhindered, reaching Leith in Scotland at 17:30 on 1 September 1939. From then on they acted in tandem with the Royal Navy's Home Fleet. On 7 September 1939, Błyskawica made contact with and attacked a U boat. In early May 1940, Błyskawica took part in the Norwegian Campaign, shelling German positions and downing two Luftwaffe aircraft. Her sister ship Grom was bombed and sunk during the campaign. Later that month, she took part in covering Operation Dynamo, the successful British led evacuation from Dunkirk. During the rest of the war, Błyskawica took part in convoy and patrol duties, engaging both U boats and the Luftwaffe in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. On 1 September 1940, for example, she rescued the sole survivor from the torpedoed merchant ship In 1941 her 120 mm guns were replaced with British dual purpose guns. The ship was also given escort duties for troop transports, notably , being one of the few ships that could keep up with the liner. On the night of 4–5 May 1942, Błyskawica helped to defend the Isle of Wight town of East Cowes from an air raid by 160 German bombers. The ship was undergoing an emergency refit at the J. Samuel White yard where she had been built and, on the night of the raid, fired repeated rounds at the German bombers from outside the harbour; her guns became so hot they had to be doused with water from the River Medina. Extra ammunition had to be ferried over from Portsmouth. This forced the bombers to stay high, making it difficult for them to target properly. The ship also laid down a smokescreen hiding Cowes from sight. The town and the shipyard were badly damaged, but it is generally considered that without this defensive action, it would have been far worse. In 2002 the crew's courage was honoured by a local commemoration lasting several days to mark the 60th anniversary of the event. In 2004 an area of Cowes was named Francki Place in honour of the ship's commander. The Isle of Wight Council approved the idea of having Błyskawica return to Cowes in 2012 to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the event and the 75th anniversary of the ship's commissioning. There were large celebrations commemorating the 70th anniversary of Cowes's defence in 2012 lasting several days and attended by Polish warship Another large event to commemorate Błyskawica's 75th anniversary was organised by Friends of the ORP Błyskawica Society in May 2017, the Polish Navy minelayer arrived at the port to take part in the celebrations. In March 1943 Błyskawica replaced , which was sunk by E boats on 12 March 1943, in Cruiser Force Q based at Bône, North Africa. In January 1944, the Błyskawica was assigned to the Anglo Polish Canadian 10th Destroyer Flotilla that battled the Kriegsmarine for the control of the English Channel. The Canadian sailors could not pronounce the name of the Błyskawica correctly and always called her the "bottle of whiskey". On 8 June 1944, the Błyskawica took part in the Battle of Ushant against Kriegsmarine destroyers. During the war, she logged and escorted 83 convoys. In combat, she damaged three U boats, helped sink other ships, and shot down at least four aircraft. In late 1945 and early 1946 Błyskawica, along with the destroyer , took part in Operation Deadlight, the scuttling of over 100 German U boats. In the spring of 1947, Błyskawica was transferred to the new Polish government, but it was not until 1 July 1947 that she sailed out of Rosyth under the Polish People's Navy flag. A few days later on July 4, Błyskawica docked in Gdynia. In the first few years of its return to Poland, Błyskawica was used as a training ship and cruised with officer cadets on board. In 1951 Błyskawica visited Leningrad. In 1951 52 Błyskawica was modernized. The ship's British 4 inch gun barrels were replaced by Soviet B 34 100 mm gun barrels in the same mountings to allow Soviet ammunition to be used, while Soviet 37 mm AA guns in four twin and two single mountings replaced the old 40 mm and 20 mm mountings. A single Soviet triple 533.4 mm torpedo tube mount replaced the British mount. Soviet radar was added, including a Soviet copy of the British type 291 radar set. In September 1955, ORP Błyskawica along with ORP Burza paid a courtesy visit to Portsmouth, England. In July 2006 the preserved Canadian destroyer was "twinned" with Błyskawica in a ceremony in Gdynia, Poland. Both ships served in the 10th Destroyer Flotilla during the Second World War. The ceremony was attended by former crew members of both ships and the general public. The ship was visited in 2009 by Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (now King Charles III), and his wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (now Queen Camilla), and on 29 June 2010, at Government House in Nova Scotia, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, presented to representatives of HMCS Haida the World Ship Trust Certificate.