Жапон мифологиясындағы су әуесі – каппа

Japanese mythical creature

A kappa ([[wiktionary:河童)—also known as kawatarō (川太郎), komahiki (駒引), with a boss called kawatora (川虎) or suiko (水虎)—is a reptiloid kami with similarities to yōkai found in traditional Japanese folklore. Kappa can become harmful when they are not respected as gods. They are typically depicted as green, human like beings with webbed hands and feet and turtle like carapaces on their backs. A depression on its head, called its "dish" (sara), retains water, and if this is damaged or its liquid is lost (either through spilling or drying up), the kappa is severely weakened. The kappa are known to favor cucumbers and love to engage in sumo wrestling. They are often accused of assaulting humans in water and removing a mythical organ called the shirikodama from their victim's anus.

The name kappa is a contraction of the words kawa (river) and wappa, a variant form of 童 warawa (also warabe) "child". Another translation of kappa is "water sprites". The kappa are also known regionally by at least eighty other names such as kawappa, kawako, kawatarō, gawappa, kōgo, suitengu. It is also called kawauso 'otter', dangame 'soft shelled turtle', and enkō 'monkey', suggesting it outwardly resembles these animals. The name komahiki or "steed puller" alludes to its reputed penchant to drag away horses.

Kappa are said to be roughly humanoid in form and about the size of a child, inhabiting the ponds and rivers of Japan. Clumsy on land, they are at home in the water, and thrive during the warm months. They are typically greenish in color (or yellow blue), and either scaly While they are primarily water creatures, they do on occasion venture onto land. When they do, the "dish" on their head can be covered with a metal cap for protection. A hairy kappa is called a hyōsube.

Kappa are usually seen as kami of the water. Their actions range from comparatively minor misdemeanors, such as looking up women's kimono if they venture too near to water, to outright malevolence, such as drowning people and animals, kidnapping children, raping women and at times eating human flesh. In Edo (old Tokyo), there used to be a tradition where people would write the names of their family members on cucumbers and send them afloat into the streams to mollify the kappa and prevent the family from coming to harm in the streams. In some regions, it was customary to eat cucumbers before swimming as protection, but in others it was believed that this act would guarantee an attack. A cucumber filled sushi roll is known as a kappamaki. Kappa have been used to warn children of the dangers lurking in rivers and lakes, as kappa have been often said to try to lure people to water and pull them in. Lafcadio Hearn wrote of a story in Kawachimura near Matsue where a horse stealing kappa was captured and made to write a sworn statement vowing never to harm people again. In many versions the kappa is dragged by the horse to the stable where it is most vulnerable, and it is there it is forced to submit a writ of promise not to misbehave.

It was believed that there were a few means of escape if one was confronted with a kappa. Kappa are obsessed with politeness, so if a person makes a deep bow, it will return the gesture. This results in the kappa spilling the water held in the "dish" (sara) on its head, rendering it unable to leave the bowing position until the plate is refilled with water from the river in which it lives. If a person refills it, the kappa will serve that person for all eternity.

Kappa are not entirely antagonistic to human beings. Once befriended, kappa may perform any number of tasks for human beings, such as helping farmers irrigate their land. Sometimes, they bring fresh fish, which is regarded as a mark of good fortune for the family receiving it. They are also highly knowledgeable about medicine, and legend states that they taught the art of bone setting to human beings. There are also legends that Kappa will save a friendly human from drowning.

Along with the oni and the tengu, the kappa is among the best known yōkai in Japan. The kappa is known by various names of the creature vary by region and local folklore. Shrines are dedicated to the worship of kappa as water deity in such places as Aomori Prefecture There were also festivals meant to placate the kappa in order to obtain a good harvest, some of which still take place today. These festivals generally took place during the two equinoxes of the year, when the kappa are said to travel from the rivers to the mountains and vice versa. The best known place where it has been claimed Kappa reside is in the Kappabuchi [ja] waters of Tōno in the Iwate Prefecture. The nearby Jōkenji [ja] In Tōno, there is a Buddhist temple that has komainu dog statues with depressions on their heads reminiscent of the water retaining dish on the kappa's heads, said to be dedicated to the kappa which according to legend helped extinguish a fire at the temple. The Kappa is also venerated at the Sogenji Buddhist temple in the Asakusa district of Tokyo where according to tradition, a mummified arm of a Kappa is enshrined within the chapel hall since 1818. In his Tōno Monogatari, Kunio Yanagita records a number of beliefs from the Tōno area about women being accosted and even impregnated by kappa. Their offspring were said to be repulsive to behold, and were generally buried. Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's 1927 novella Kappa centers on a man who got lost and ended up in the land of the kappa near Mount Hotakadake. The story heavily focuses on the subject of suicide and Akutagawa killed himself the year the work was published. Kappas are a recurring image in David Peace's novel Patient X, itself about the life and work of Akutagawa. In the anime show Inuyasha, a kappa, Sha Gojyo's descendant said to be a descendant of the legendary character from Journey of the West and together with Son Goku's descendant, the servant of Chokyūkai to find a bride. Later, since Hakudoshi collecting the heads of other yōkai, they tracked down Hakudoshi and Kagura, that he didn't they're Naraku's incarnations, and watching as Hakudoshi to peer into the yōkai heads to catch a glimpse of the Border of the Afterlife. Kagome's grandfather gave her an alleged mummified foot a kappa for her early 15th birthday, but she does not accept and gives to Buyo. In episode 4 of Yashahime: Princess Half Demon, Grandpa Higurashi gifted to his great granddaughter, Moroha a mummified kappa's foot as a gift in which she accepts and kept since then. Kappa, and creatures based on them, are recurring characters in Japanese tokusatsu films and television shows. Examples include the kappas in the Daiei/Kadokawa series Yokai Monsters, the 2010 kaiju film Death Kappa, and "King Kappa", a kaiju from the 1972 Tsuburaya Productions series Ultraman Ace. These yōkai like kami also represent Japan as a nation, featuring in advertisements for a range of products from a major brand of sake to Tokyo Mitsubishi Bank's DC Card (a credit card). In their explicitly commercial conceptions, yōkai are no longer frightening or mysterious — the DC Card Kappa, for example, is not a slimy water creature threatening to kill unsuspecting children but a cute and (almost) cuddly cartoon character. Summer Days with Coo is a 2007 Japanese animated film about a kappa and its impact on an ordinary family, written for the screen and directed by Keiichi Hara based on two novels by Masao Kogure. It is said that the company president of Calbee liked kappa, so he wanted the name "Kappa" to be included in one of his products. That brought about Kappa Ebisen, a popular shrimp flavored snack in Japan. In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, the titular Turtles accidentally activate the Time Scepter, a mystical artifact, and end up travelling back in time, to Japan of the Edo period (more specifically 1603). As a running gag, some of the townspeople who interact with them feel frightened by their appearance and mistake them for the legendary "kappa" throughout the film. In Mountain of Faith, the character Nitori Kawashiro is a kappa. Her boss fight reflects the aquatic nature of kappas. In Resident Evil Village, one of the four lord antagonists, Moreau, is inspired after the kappa. Several Pokémon are based on the kappa, most notably Golduck and the evolutionary family of Lotad, Lombre, and Ludicolo. The Zora from The Legend of Zelda videogame series were originally based on kappa, visually very close to the mythological depictions in the first three games. The fourth game, Ocarina of Time, changed them into the fish humans they are now. Numerous kappa characters appear in the Animal Crossing franchise. In the strategy game Might & Magic Heroes VII, the kappa is a neutral creature. In The House of the Lost on the Cape the kappa play a crucial role in helping to restore hope to a region devastated by a tsunami. Inazuma Eleven features multiple characters based on Kappa appearing in both Season 3 and Orion no Kokuin.