Магнолия туқымдасы және оның ерекшеліктері

Genus of angiosperms
the plant genus

Magnolia is a large genus of about 210 to 340 flowering plant species in the subfamily Magnolioideae of the family Magnoliaceae. The natural range of Magnolia species is disjunct, with a main center in east and southeast Asia and a secondary center in eastern North America, Central America, the West Indies, and some species in South America. Magnolia is an ancient genus that appeared before bees evolved. They are theorized to have evolved to encourage pollination by beetles instead. Fossilized specimens of M. acuminata have been found dating to 20 million years ago, and fossils of plants identifiably belonging to the Magnoliaceae date to 95 million years ago. Another aspect of Magnolia considered to represent an ancestral state is that the flower bud is enclosed in a bract rather than in sepals; the perianth parts are undifferentiated and called tepals rather than distinct sepals and petals. Magnolia shares the tepal characteristic with several other flowering plants near the base of the flowering plant lineage, such as Amborella and Nymphaea (as well as with many more recently derived plants, such as Lilium).

Magnolias are spreading evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs characterised by large fragrant flowers, which may be bowl shaped or star shaped, in shades of white, pink, purple, green, or yellow. In deciduous species, the blooms often appear before the leaves in spring. Cone like fruits are often produced in the autumn. As with all Magnoliaceae, the perianth is undifferentiated, with 9–15 tepals in three or more whorls. The flowers are hermaphroditic, with numerous adnate carpels and stamens arranged in a spiral fashion on the elongated receptacle. The flowers' carpels are extremely tough to avoid damage from pollinating beetles. The fruit dehisces along the dorsal sutures of the carpels. The pollen is monocolpate, and the embryonic development is of the Polygonum type. Taxonomists, including James E. Dandy in 1927, have used differences in the fruits of Magnoliaceae as the basis for classification systems.

The name Magnolia first appeared in 1703 in the Genera written by French botanist Charles Plumier (1646–1704), for a flowering tree from the island of Martinique (talauma). It was named after the French botanist Pierre Magnol. The English botanist William Sherard, who studied botany in Paris under Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, a pupil of Magnol, was most probably the first after Plumier to adopt the genus name Magnolia. He was at least responsible for the taxonomic part of Johann Jacob Dillenius's Hortus Elthamensis and of Mark Catesby's Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. These were the first works after Plumier's Genera that used the name Magnolia, this time for some species of flowering trees from temperate North America. The species that Plumier originally named Magnolia was later described as Annona dodecapetala by Lamarck, and has since been named Magnolia plumieri and Talauma plumieri (among a number of other names), but is now known as Magnolia dodecapetala. Carl Linnaeus, who was familiar with Plumier's Genera, adopted the genus name Magnolia in 1735 in his first edition of Systema Naturae, without a description but with a reference to Plumier's work. In 1753, he took up Plumier's Magnolia in the first edition of Species Plantarum. There he described a monotypic genus, with the sole species being Magnolia virginiana. Since Linnaeus never saw a herbarium specimen (if there ever was one) of Plumier's Magnolia and had only his description and a rather poor picture at hand, he must have taken it for the same plant that was described by Catesby in his 1730 Natural History of Carolina. He placed it in the synonymy of Magnolia virginiana var. fœtida, the taxon now known as Magnolia grandiflora. Under Magnolia virginiana, Linnaeus described five varieties (glauca, fœtida, grisea, tripetala, and acuminata). In the tenth edition of Systema Naturae (1759), he merged grisea with glauca and raised the four remaining varieties to species status. By the end of the 18th century, botanists and plant hunters exploring Asia had begun to name and describe the Magnolia species from China and Japan. The first Asiatic species to be described by western botanists were Magnolia denudata, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia coco, and Magnolia figo. Soon after that, in 1794, Carl Peter Thunberg collected and described Magnolia obovata from Japan, and roughly at the same time, Magnolia kobus was also first collected.

Fossils assignable to Magnolia extend into the Paleogene, such as Magnolia nanningensis, named for mummified wood from the Oligocene of Guangxi, China, which has a close affinity to members of the modern secton Michelia.

Magnolia aromatica (Dandy) V. S. Kumar (S China)
Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) Dandy (Vietnam)
Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & Noot. (W Sumatra)
Magnolia caveana (Hook. f. & Thoms.) D. C. Raju & M. P. Nayer (Assam, N Burma)
Magnolia changhuntana Noot. (Guangdong (China))
Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V. S. Kumar (Vietnam, Laos)
Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V. S. Kumar (SE China, Vietnam)
Magnolia conifera var. chingii (Dandy) V. S. Kumar (SE China)
Magnolia conifera var. conifera (SE China, Vietnam)
Magnolia crassipes (Y. W. Law) V. S. Kumar (Guangdong (China))
Magnolia dandyi (Gapnep.) Dandy (S China, Vietnam, Laos)
Magnolia decidua (Q. Y. Zheng) V. S. Kumar (Jiangxi (China))
Magnolia duclouxii Finet & Gagnep. (Vietnam, SW China)
Magnolia figlarii V. S. Kumar (Sichuan (China))
Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu (Vietnam, S China)
Magnolia fordiana var. calcarea (X. H. Song) Chen & Noot. (Guizhou (China))
Magnolia fordiana var. fordiana (Vietnam, S China)
Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii (W. W. Sm. Ex Dandy) Chen & Noot. (SW China)
Magnolia fordiana var. kwangtungensis (Merr.) Chen & Noot. (SE China)
Magnolia garrettii (Craib) V. S. Kumar (SW China, Vietnam, Thailand)
Magnolia grandis (Hu & W. C. Cheng) V. S. Kumar (Yunnan (China))
Magnolia hongheensis (Y. M. Shui & W. H. Chen) V. S. Kumar (Yunnan (China))
Magnolia hookeri Cubitt & W. W. Sm. (SW China, N Burma, Thailand)
Magnolia insignis (Wall.) Blume (S China, Nepal, Burma)
Magnolia kwangtungensis Merr. (SE China)
Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra)
Magnolia longipedunculata (Q. W. Zeng & Law) V. S. Kumar (Guangdong (China))
Magnolia lucida (B. L. Chen & S. C. Yang) V. S. Kumar (SW China)
Magnolia obovalifolia (C. Y. Yu & Law) V. S. Kumar (Yunnan (China))
Magnolia ovoidea (H. T. Chang & B. L. Chen) V. S. Kumar (Yunnan (China))
Magnolia patungensis (Hu) Noot. (China)
Magnolia rufibarbata (Dandy) V. S. Kumar (Yunnan (China), Vietnam)
Magnolia sabahensis (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. (Borneo)
Magnolia sapaensis (N. H. Xia & Q. N. Vu) Grimshaw & Macer (Vietnam)
Magnolia sumatrana (Miq.) Figlar & Noot. (2011) (Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi)
Magnolia sumatrana var. glauca (Blume) Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Is, Sulawesi)
Magnolia sumatrana var. sumatrana (W Sumatra)
Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V. S. Kumar (N Burma, Thailand)
Magnolia ventii (N. V. Tiep) V. S. Kumar (Yunnan (China))
Magnolia xinganensis Noot. (Guangxi (China))
Magnolia yuyuanensis (Y. W. Law) V. S. Kumar (E China)
Magnolia zhengyiana (N. H. Xia) Noot. (Yunnan (China))

Magnolia obovata Thunb. (Japan)
Magnolia officinalis Rehd. & Wilson (W China)
Magnolia officinalis subsp. biloba Cheng & Law (E China)
Magnolia officinalis subsp. officinalis (E China)
Magnolia rostrata W. W. Smith (SW China)
Magnolia tripetala (L.) L. (SE US)

Magnolia globosa Hook. f. & Thoms. (Nepal, Burma)
Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch (Korea, E China, Japan)
Magnolia sieboldii subsp. japonica K. Ueda (Japan, central China)
Magnolia sieboldii subsp. sieboldii (Japan)
Magnolia sieboldii subsp. sinensis (Rehd. & Wilson) Spongberg (central China)
Magnolia wilsonii (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehd. Wilson's magnolia (SW China)

Magnolia fraseri Walt. Fraser magnolia or ear leaved magnolia (SE US)
Magnolia fraseri var. fraseri Fraser magnolia or ear leaved magnolia (SE US)
Magnolia fraseri var. pyramidata (Bartram) Pampanini pyramid magnolia (SE US)

Magnolia dealbata Zuccarini (E Mexico) Sometimes treated as a subspecies, Magnolia macrophylla var. dealbata. Magnolia macrophylla Michx. (SE US, E Mexico)
Magnolia macrophylla var. ashei (Weatherby) D. Johnson (SE US)
Magnolia macrophylla var. macrophylla (SE US)
Magnolia rzedowskiana A. Vázquez, Domínguez Yescas & R. Pedraza (Querétaro, Mexico)
Magnolia nuevoleonensis A. Vázquez & Domínguez Yescas (Nuevo León, Mexico)
Magnolia vovidesii A. Vázquez, Domínguez Yescas & L. Carvajal (Veracruz, Mexico)

Anthers open by splitting at the sides, deciduous, flowers mostly produced before leaves (except M. acuminata)

Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. (E North America)
Magnolia acuminata var. acuminata (E North America)
Magnolia acuminata var. subcordata (Spach) Dandy (SE US)

Magnolia platyphylla (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. (Philippines)
Magnolia pubescens (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. (Philippines)
Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee (Sulawesi)
Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago)
Magnolia tsiampacca subsp. mollis (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Sumatra, Borneo)
Magnolia tsiampacca subsp. tsiampacca (Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago)
Magnolia tsiampacca subsp. tsiampacca var. glaberrima (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (New Guinea)
Magnolia tsiampacca subsp. tsiampacca var. tsiampacca (Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago)
Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre (Sulawesi, Moluccas)

Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Assam)
Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Vietnam, Malay penn.) Magnolia sinica (Law) Noot. (SE Yunnan (China))

In general, the genus Magnolia has attracted horticultural interest. Some, such as the shrub M. stellata (star magnolia) and the tree M. × soulangeana (saucer magnolia) flower quite early in the spring, before the leaves open. Others flower in late spring or early summer, including M. virginiana (sweetbay magnolia) and M. grandiflora (southern magnolia). The shape of these flowers lend themselves to the common name tulip tree that is sometimes applied to some Magnolia species. Hybridisation has been immensely successful in combining the best aspects of different species to give plants which flower at an earlier age than the parent species, as well as having more impressive flowers. One of the most popular garden magnolias, M. × soulangeana, is a hybrid of M. liliiflora and M. denudata. In the eastern United States, five native species are frequently in cultivation: M. acuminata (as a shade tree), M. grandiflora, M. virginiana, M. tripetala, and M. macrophylla. The last two species must be planted where high winds are not a frequent problem because of the large size of their leaves.

The flowers of many species are considered edible. In parts of England, the petals of M. grandiflora are pickled and used as a spicy condiment. In some Asian cuisines, the buds are pickled and used to flavor rice and scent tea. In Japan, the young leaves and flower buds of Magnolia hypoleuca are broiled and eaten as a vegetable. Older leaves are made into a powder and used as seasoning; dried, whole leaves are placed on a charcoal brazier and filled with miso, leeks, daikon, and shiitake, and broiled. There is a type of miso which is seasoned with magnolia, hoba miso.

The bark and flower buds of M. officinalis have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine, where they are known as hou po (厚朴). In Japan, kōboku, M. obovata, has been used in a similar manner.

The cucumbertree, M. acuminata, grows to large size and is harvested as a timber tree in northeastern US forests. Its wood is sold as "yellow poplar" along with that of the tuliptree, Liriodendron tulipifera. The Fraser magnolia, M. fraseri, also attains enough size sometimes to be harvested, as well.

Magnolias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth.

The aromatic bark contains magnolol, honokiol, 4 O methylhonokiol, and obovatol. Magnolol and honokiol activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma.

White or Yulan magnolia (subgenus Yulania) is the official flower of the Chinese metropolis Shanghai. Magnolia grandiflora is the official state flower of both Mississippi and Louisiana. The flower's abundance in Mississippi is reflected in its nickname of "Magnolia State" and the state flag. The magnolia is also the official state tree of Mississippi. One of the many nicknames for the city of Houston is "Magnolia City". Historically, magnolias have been associated with the Southern United States. Magnolia sieboldii is the national flower of North Korea. Magnolia sieboldii is the official flower of Gangnam.

The Canadian artist, Sarah Maloney, has created a series of sculptures of magnolia flowers in bronze and steel, entitled First Flowers, in which she draws our attention to the dual symbols of beginnings in the flower, as both an evolutionary archetype and also one of the first trees to flower in spring (see illustration).