Аль-Андалустағы ортағасырлық роман тілдері

Medieval Romance dialects of Al Andalus

[[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe en. gif|300x300px|thumb|Consuelo López Morillas criticizes this kind of a representation of the linguistic landscape in medieval Iberia for equating linguistic frontiers with political frontiers, and for deceptively fragmenting Romance into several varieties—throughout the peninsula people described their language as ladino instead of leonés, navarro, etc. refers to the varieties of Ibero Romance that developed in Al Andalus, the parts of the medieval Iberian Peninsula under Islamic control. Romance, or vernacular Late Latin, was the common tongue for the great majority of the Iberian population at the time of the Umayyad conquest in the early eighth century, but over the following centuries, it was gradually superseded by Andalusi Arabic as the main spoken language in the Muslim controlled south. At the same time, as the northern Christian kingdoms pushed south into Al Andalus, their respective Romance varieties (especially Castilian) gained ground at the expense of Andalusi Romance as well as Arabic. The final extinction of the former may be estimated to 1300 CE. What is known or hypothesized about the particular linguistic features of Andalusi Romance is based on relatively sparse evidence, of which the Kharjas are the most important.

The traditional term for the Romance varieties used in al Andalus is "Mozarabic," derived from Mozarab, (from the مُسْتَعْرَب) a term used to refer to Christians in al Andalus. Arab writers used the terms or (العَجَمِيَّة, from , 'non Arab').

Romance was the main language spoken by the population of Iberia when the Umayyads conquered Hispania in 711. By about 1260, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the Emirate of Granada, in which more than 90% of the population had converted to Islam and Arabic Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared.

The discovery in the late 1940s of the Kharjas, refrains in Romance in poetry otherwise written in Arabic and Hebrew, illuminated some morphological and syntactic features of Andalusi Romance, including sentence rhythms and phrasal patterns.

Mozarabic was spoken by Mozarabs (Christians living as dhimmis), Muladis (natives converted to Islam), Jews, and possibly some of the ruling Arabs and Berbers. The cultural and literary language of the Mozarabs was at first Latin, but as time passed, it came to rather be Arabic, even among Christians. Due to the continual emigration of Mozarabs to the Christian kingdoms of the north, Arabic toponyms are found even in places where Arab rule was ephemeral. Mozarabic had a significant impact on the formation of Spanish, especially Andalusian Spanish, and served as a vehicle for the transmission of numerous Andalusi Arabic terms into both.