Псилоцибе: Түрлер, қасиеттері және таралуы

Genus of fungi
Automatic taxobox
| image = Psilocybe semilanceata 6514. jpg
| image caption = Psilocybe semilanceata
| taxon = Psilocybe
| authority = (Fr.) P. Kumm. (1871)
| subdivision ranks = Species
| subdivision = List of Psilocybe species
| type species = Psilocybe semilanceata
| type species authority = (Fr.) P. Kumm. (1871)
| synonyms ref = is a genus of gilled mushrooms, growing worldwide, in the family Hymenogastraceae. Many species contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin.

A 2002 study of the molecular phylogeny of the agarics Negative results have also been published for P. fimetaria.

The genus name Psilocybe is a compound of the Greek elements ψιλός (psilós) "bare" / "naked" and κύβη (kúbe) "head" / "swelling", Hallucinogenic species typically have a blue staining reaction when the fruit body is bruised. Microscopically, they are characterized by pileipellis with hyphae that run parallel to the pileus surface, forming a cutis, by their lack of chrysocystidia, and by spores that are smooth, ellipsoid to rhomboid to subhexagonal in shape, with a distinct apical germ pore. Ecologically, all species of Psilocybe are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter. The greatest species diversity seems to be in the neotropics, from Mesoamerica through Brazil and Chile. Many other species are found in habitats such as mossy, grassy, or forest humus soils.

The psilocybin molecule is indirectly responsible for the hallucinogenic properties of the Psilocybe. This compound, as well as all other indole alkaloids, are derived from the amino acid tryptophan, being the only amino acid with the indole amine ring. Tryptophan is converted to tryptamine by decarboxylation. The degree of bluing in a Psilocybe fruit body roughly correlates with the concentration of psilocin in the mushroom. Psilocybin is chemically far more stable than psilocin, the latter compound being largely lost when the mushroom is heated or dried. The chemical structure of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, is similar to that of psilocin. The latter differs mainly by the location of one of the hydroxyls, and the addition of two methyl groups that make the molecule lipophilic (fat soluble), ergo capable of crossing the lipid membrane sheaths of the central nervous system.

The medicinal uses of the Psilocybe was recorded by Native Americans of Central America. Shamans, or curanderas would avidly ingest the "sacred mushrooms" for the extrasensory perceptual effects it gave them in order to better assess problems faced in their society. However, the UN drug treaties do not apply to cultivation, preparation, or international transport of psilocybin mushrooms. Internationally, the two chemicals are generally considered controlled substances. However, there is much ambiguity about what is considered a "container" of these compounds. In several countries (e. g. Brazil), the chemicals themselves are listed as controlled substances, but the mushrooms that contain the chemicals are not, therefore deemed legal. and Idaho. Found in northern temperate climates; nicknamed the liberty cap. Psilocybe azurescens, a highly potent species native to the U. S. states of Washington and Oregon, but popular in outdoor cultivation, and expanding its range as a result; nicknamed .

MushroomExpert. com Taxonomy in Transition: The Strophariaceae Taxonomic issues of Psilocybe and other stropharioid fungi. Machiel E. Noordeloos: Psilocybe taxonomy and characteristics of non bluing Psilocybe.

Timeline of mushroom use at Erowid. org