Эпоним: имя и происхождение названий

Person or thing after which something is named

An eponym is a person, a place, or a thing after whom or which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. The adjectives which are derived from the word eponym include eponymous and eponymic.

The term eponym functions in multiple related ways, all based on an explicit relationship between two named things. A person, place, or thing named after a particular person share an eponymous relationship. In this way, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of the Elizabethan era, but the Elizabethan era can also be referred to as the eponym of Elizabeth I of England. When Henry Ford is referred to as "the eponymous founder of the Ford Motor Company", his surname "Ford" and the name of the motor company have an eponymous relationship. The word "eponym" can also refer to the title character of a fictional work (such as Rocky Balboa of the Rocky film series), as well as to self titled works named after their creators (such as the album The Doors by the band the Doors). Walt Disney created the eponymous Walt Disney Company, with his name similarly extended to theme parks such as Walt Disney World. Medical eponymous terms are often called medical eponyms although that usage is deprecable.

Because proper nouns are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. When used as proper adjectives they are normally capitalized, for example Victorian, Shakespearean, and Kafkaesque. However, some eponymous adjectives and noun adjuncts are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercase when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper noun origin. gives some examples of both lowercase and capitalized stylings, including a few terms styled both ways, and says, "Authors and editors must decide for themselves, but whatever choice is made should be followed consistently throughout a work." When the eponym is used together with a noun, the common noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a title or it is the first word in a sentence). For example, in Parkinson disease (named after James Parkinson), Parkinson is capitalized, but disease is not. In addition, the adjectival form, where one exists, is usually lowercased for medical terms (thus parkinsonian although Parkinson disease), and gram negative, gram positive although Gram stain. Uppercase Gram positive or Gram negative however are also commonly used in scientific journal articles and publications. In other fields, the eponym derivative is commonly capitalized, for example, Newtonian in physics, and Platonic in philosophy (however, use lowercase platonic when describing love). Thus Parkinson disease is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in postprints) than Parkinson's disease.

American and British English spelling differences may apply to eponyms. For example, British style would typically be caesarean section, which is also found in American medical publications, but cæsarean section (with a ligature) is sometimes seen in (mostly older) British writing, and cesarean is preferred by American dictionaries and some American medical works.

Prevalent dictionary styling today Stylings that defy prevalent dictionary styling Comments Addison disease *Addison Disease*addison disease   Allemann syndromecesarean, "often capitalized" or caesarean also cesarian or caesarian   More information on this word's orthographic variants is at Wiktionary: caesarean section. darwinian [only]and alsodiesel electricdiesel enginedieselingdieselize, dieselization *Diesel engine*Dieseling*Dieselize, Dieselization   draconiandraconian often Draconian     eustachian [only]eustachian often Eustachianeustachian tube [only]eustachian tube often Eustachian tubeeustachian tube or Eustachian tube *Eustachian Tube   fallopian [only]fallopian often Fallopianfallopian tube [only]fallopian tube often Fallopian tubefallopian tube also Fallopian tube *Fallopian Tube   Marxism [only]Marxist [only] *marxism*marxist   mendelian [only] or Mendelian [only]mendelian inheritance [only] or Mendelian inheritance [only]  butMendel's laws *Mendelian Inheritance   Newtonian [only] *newtonian   parkinsonism [only]parkinsonian [only]parkinsonian tremorParkinson disease [only]Parkinson's disease [only] *Parkinsonism*Parkinsonian*Parkinsonian tremor*Parkinsonian Tremor*Parkinson Disease*Parkinson's Disease   quixotic [only] *Quixotic   Roman numeralsroman numerals   AMA Manual of Style lowercases the terms roman numerals and arabic numerals. MWCD enters the numeral sense under the headword Roman but with the note "not cap" on the numeral sense.