Ανάγκη: Древнегреческая богиня необходимости и судьбы
Ananke
Древнегреческая богиня Ананке: олицетворение неизбежности, судьбы и необходимости. Первородное божество, влияющее на богов и смертных. Мифология Древней Греции.
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Содержание
Введение
В древнегреческой религии Ананке (/ə/'/n//æ//ŋ//k//iː/; Ἀνάγκη), происходящая от общего существительного ἀνάγκη («сила, принуждение, необходимость»), является орфическим олицетворением неизбежности, принуждения и необходимости. Её обычно изображают держащей веретено. Одна из древнейших греческих богинь, рождение Ананке и её брата и супруга Хроноса (персонификация времени, не следует путать с титаном Кроносом) считалось рубежом между эпохой Хаоса и началом космоса. Ананке считается самым могущественным повелителем судьбы и обстоятельств. И смертные, и боги с почтением относились к её власти и воздавали ей должное. Она также считается матерью Мойр, поэтому полагают, что она – единственное существо, способное отменить их решения (согласно некоторым источникам, за исключением Зевса). По мнению Дэниела Шоуолтера и Стивена Фризена, она и Мойры «достаточно тесно связаны с раннегреческой мифологией, чтобы их греческое происхождение было весьма вероятным». Древнегреческий путешественник Паусаний упоминал о храме в древнем Коринфе, где богиням Ананке и Бие (означающей силу, насилие или стремительную ярость) поклонялись вместе в одном святилище. Ананке также часто отождествляется или ассоциируется с Афродитой, особенно с Афродитой Уранией, воплощением абстрактной небесной любви; обе считались родственными, как относительно неантропоморфные силы, определяющие ход жизни. Её римским аналогом является Нецесситас («необходимость»).
Ancient Greek goddess of necessity
In ancient Greek religion, Ananke (/ə/'/n//æ//ŋ//k//iː/; Ἀνάγκη), from the common noun [[wiktionary:ἀνάγκη ("force, constraint, necessity"), is the Orphic personification of inevitability, compulsion and necessity. She is customarily depicted as holding a spindle. One of the Greek primordial deities, the births of Ananke and her brother and consort, Chronos (the personification of time, not to be confused with the Titan Cronus), were thought to mark the division between the eon of Chaos and the beginning of the cosmos. Ananke is considered the most powerful dictator of fate and circumstance. Mortals and gods alike respected her power and paid her homage. She is also considered the mother of the Fates, hence she is thought to be the only being to overrule their decisions (according to some sources, excepting Zeus also). According to Daniel Schowalter and Steven Friesen, she and the Fates "are all sufficiently tied to early Greek mythology to make their Greek origins likely." The ancient Greek traveller Pausanias wrote of a temple in ancient Corinth where the goddesses Ananke and Bia (meaning force, violence or violent haste) were worshiped together in the same shrine. Ananke is also frequently identified or associated with Aphrodite, especially Aphrodite Urania, the representation of abstract celestial love; the two were considered to be related, as relatively unanthropomorphised powers that dictated the course of life. Her Roman counterpart is Necessitas ("necessity").
Этимология
"Ананке" происходит от общего древнегреческого существительного wikt: ἀνάγκη (ион. ἀναγκαίη anankaiē), означающего "сила, принуждение или необходимость". Этимология самого слова неопределенна. Гомер упоминает её как необходимость, часто абстрагированную в современных переводах (ἀναγκαίη πολεμίζειν, "необходимо сражаться") или силу (ἐξ ἀνάγκης, "под принуждением"). В древнегреческой литературе это слово также использовалось для обозначения "судьбы" или "предопределения" (ἀνάγκη δαιμόνων, "судьба, установленная демонами или богами"), а также, по расширению, "принуждения или мучений со стороны высшей силы". Она часто встречается в поэзии, как, например, у Симонида: "Даже боги не борются с Ананке". Это понятие переносится и переводится (в упрощенном виде) в более современный философский контекст как "необходимость", "логическая необходимость" или "законы природы".
"Ananke" is derived from the common Ancient Greek noun [[wikt:ἀνάγκη (Ionic: ἀναγκαίη anankaiē), meaning "force, constraint or necessity." The common noun itself is of uncertain etymology. Homer refers to her being as necessity, often abstracted in modern translation (ἀναγκαίη πολεμίζειν, "it is necessary to fight") or force (ἐξ ἀνάγκης, "by force"). In Ancient Greek literature the word is also used meaning "fate" or "destiny" (ἀνάγκη δαιμόνων, "fate by the daemons or by the gods"), and by extension "compulsion or torture by a superior." She appears often in poetry, as Simonides does: "Even the gods don't fight against ananke". The pre modern is carried over and translated (by reduction) into a more modern philosophical sense as "necessity", "logical necessity", or "laws of nature".
Мать морай
Греческий философ Платон в своей "Государстве" обсуждал происхождение мо́йр, или Судеб, в следующих строках: «И было еще три, восседавшие вокруг в равных промежутках, каждая на своем троне – мо́йры (мо́йры, Судьбы), дочери Ананке, облаченные в белые одежды с обвязанными головами: Лахезис (Лахезис), Клото (Клото) и Атроп (Атроп), которые пели в унисон с музыкой Сирен. Лахезис воспевала то, что было, Клото – то, что есть, а Атроп – то, что должно быть. Лахезис – дева-дочь Ананке (Необходимости). Эсхил, знаменитый трагик, повествует в своей трагедии "Оковы Прометея", что мо́йры были названы кормчиками богини Ананке вместе с тремя эриниями:
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
Прометей: Не так Мо́йра (Судьба), что всё к завершению приводит, должна закончить свой путь. Лишь когда я буду сломлен бесконечными страданиями и муками, я смогу освободиться от своих оков. Умение гораздо слабее, чем Ананке (Необходимость).
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
Хор: Кто же тогда кормчий Ананке (Необходимости)?
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
Прометей: Три облика (триморфои) Мо́йры (Мо́йры, Судьбы) и памятующие (мнемоны) Эринии (Фурии).
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
Хор: Неужели у Зевса меньше власти, чем у них?
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
Прометей: Да, в том смысле, что даже он не может избежать предначертанного.
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
Хор: Что же предначертано Зевсу, кроме как вечно властвовать?
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
Прометей: Это тебе пока не следует узнавать; не будь слишком любопытен.
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
Хор: Это, должно быть, некий священный секрет, который ты скрываешь в тайне.
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
Здесь Прометей говорит о тайном пророчестве, сделанном неизбежным Ананке, что любой сын, рожденный Зевсом и Фетидой, свергнет бога. (На самом деле, любой сын Фетиды был предназначен превзойти своего отца.)
The Greek philosopher Plato in his Republic discussed the parentage of the Moirai or the Fates in the following lines:And there were another three who sat round about at equal intervals, each one on her throne, the Moirai (Moirae, Fates), daughters of Ananke, clad in white vestments with filleted heads, Lakhesis (Lachesis), and Klotho (Clotho), and Atropos (Atropus), who sang in unison with the music of the Seirenes, Lakhesis singing the things that were, Klotho the things that are, and Atropos the things that are to be . Lakhesis, the maiden daughter of Ananke (Necessity). Aeschylus, the famous tragedian, gave an account in his Prometheus Bound where the Moirai were called the helmsman of the goddess Ananke along with the three Erinyes:Prometheus: Not in this way is Moira (Fate), who brings all to fulfillment, destined to complete this course. Only when I have been bent by pangs and tortures infinite am I to escape my bondage. Skill is weaker by far than Ananke (Necessity). Chorus: Who then is the helmsman of Ananke (Necessity)?Prometheus: The three shaped (trimorphoi) Moirai (Moirae, Fates) and mindful (mnêmones) Erinyes (Furies). Chorus: Can it be that Zeus has less power than they do? Prometheus: Yes, in that even he cannot escape what is foretold. Chorus: Why, what is fated for Zeus except to hold eternal sway? Prometheus: This you must not learn yet; do not be over eager. Chorus: It is some solemn secret, surely, that you enshroud in mystery. Here Prometheus speaks of a secret prophecy, rendered ineluctable by Ananke, that any son born of Zeus and Thetis would depose the god. (In fact, any son of Thetis was destined to be greater than his father.)
В философской мысли
В "Тимее" Платон, через персонажа Тимея (а не Сократа), утверждает, что в создании вселенной происходит соединение противоположных начал, разума ("nous") и необходимости ("ananke"). В другом месте Платон сочетает абстракцию со своим собственным мифотворчеством: "Ибо этот упорядоченный мир (космос) имеет смешанное происхождение: он – дитя союза Необходимости и Разума. Разум, восторжествовав над Необходимостью, склоняет её (от Пейто, богини убеждения) к тому, чтобы направить большинство вещей, приходящих в бытие, к наилучшему, и результатом этого подчинения Необходимости мудрому убеждению является изначальное формирование вселенной". В романе Виктора Гюго "Собор Парижской Богоматери" слово "Ананке" написано на стене собора рукой Клода Фролло. В своей "Все лиры" Гюго также упоминает Ананке как символ любви. В 1866 году он написал: Зигмунд Фрейд в "Цивилизации и её недовольствах" (с. 140) утверждал: "Мы можем быть удовлетворены лишь в том случае, если признаем, что процесс цивилизации – это модификация, которую жизненный процесс испытывает под влиянием задачи, поставленной ему Эросом и начатой Ананке – требованиями реальности; и что эта задача состоит в объединении отдельных индивидов в общину, связанную либидинальными узами". Уоллес Стивенс в стихотворении 1930-х годов пишет: "Чувство змеи в тебе, Ананке, / И твой уклончивый шаг / Ничего не добавляют к ужасу мороза, / Что блестит на твоём лице и волосах". Это соотносится с ощущением необходимости или судьбы у Стивенса в его поздних работах, особенно в сборнике "Осенние сияния". Эссе Роберта Берда "Древний террор", вдохновленное картиной Леона Бакста "Terror Antiquus", рассуждает об эволюции греческой религии, прослеживая её к изначальной вере в единую, верховную богиню. Вячеслав Иванов предполагает, что древние рассматривали всё человеческое и всё, что почитается как божественное, как относительное и преходящее: "Лишь Судьба (Эймармена), или всеобщая необходимость (Ананке), неизбежная "Адрастея", безликое обличие и пустой звук неведомой Судьбы, были абсолютны". Перед богиней, которая является одновременно неразрушимой Силой Любви и абсолютной Судьбой – разрушительницей, Дарительницей Жизни и Судьбой Смерти, а также вмещает Мнемозину (Память) и Гайю (Мать-Землю), мужская дерзость и воинственность бессильны и мимолетны, а мужской порядок, установленный Зевсом и другими олимпийскими богами, искусственен.
In the Timaeus, Plato has the character Timaeus (not Socrates) argue that in the creation of the universe, there is a uniting of opposing elements, intellect ('nous') and necessity ('ananke'). Elsewhere, Plato blends abstraction with his own myth making: "For this ordered world (cosmos) is of a mixed birth: it is the offspring of a union of Necessity and Intellect. Intellect prevailing over Necessity by persuading (from Peitho, goddess of persuasion) it to direct most of the things that come to be toward what is best, and the result of this subjugation of Necessity to wise persuasion is the initial formation of the universe". In Victor Hugo's novel Notre Dame of Paris, the word "Ananke" is written upon a wall of Notre Dame by the hand of Dom Claude Frollo. In his Toute la Lyre, Hugo also mentions Ananke as a symbol of love. In 1866, he wrote:
Sigmund Freud in Civilization and Its Discontents (p. 140) said: "We can only be satisfied, therefore, if we assert that the process of civilization is a modification which the vital process experiences under the influence of a task that is set it by Eros and instigated by Ananke — by the exigencies of reality; and that this task is one of uniting separate individuals into a community bound together by libidinal ties." Wallace Stevens, in a poem of the 1930s, writes: "The sense of the serpent in you, Ananke, / And your averted stride / Add nothing to the horror of the frost / That glistens on your face and hair." This connects with Stevens's sense of necessity or fate in his later work, especially in the collection The Auroras of Autumn. Robert Bird's essay "Ancient Terror", inspired by Léon Bakst's painting Terror Antiquus, speculates on the evolution of Greek religion, tracing it to an original belief in a single, supreme goddess. Vyacheslav Ivanov suggests that the ancients viewed all that is human and all that is revered as divine as relative and transient: "Only Fate (Eimarmene), or universal necessity (Ananke), the inevitable 'Adrasteia,' the faceless countenance and hollow sound of unknown Destiny, was absolute." Before the goddess, who is both indestructible Force of Love and absolute Fate the Destroyer, Life Giver and Fate Death, as well as incorporating Mnemosyne (Memory) and Gaia (Mother Earth), masculine daring and warring are impotent and transient, and the masculine order imposed by Zeus and the other Olympian Gods is artificial.