Организация африканского единства: история и преемственность

Defunct African international body
the successor organisation

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; , OUA) was an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 33 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's establishment was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairman, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union (AU). Some of the key aims of the OAU were to encourage political and economic integration among member states, and to eradicate colonialism and neo colonialism from the African continent. The absence of an armed force like that of the United Nations left the organization with no means to enforce its decisions. It was also not willing to become involved in the internal affairs of member nations prompting some critics to claim the OAU as a forum for rhetoric, not action. Recognizing this, the OAU in September 1999 issued the Sirte Declaration, calling for a new body to take its place. On 9 July 2002, this happened with the creation of the African Union. The African Union continues to this day to uphold many of the founding principles of the OAU.

The organisation was widely derided as a bureaucratic "talking shop" with little power. It struggled to enforce its decisions, and its lack of armed force made intervention exceedingly difficult. Civil wars in Nigeria and Angola continued unabated for years, and the OAU could do nothing to stop them. The policy of non interference in the affairs of member states also limited the effectiveness of the OAU. Thus, when human rights were violated, as in Uganda under Idi Amin in the 1970s, the OAU was powerless to stop them. The Organisation was praised by Ghanaian former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan for bringing Africans together. Nevertheless, critics argue that, in its 39 years of existence, the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it as a "Dictators' Club" or "Dictators' Trade Union". The OAU was, however, successful in some respects. Many of its members were members of the UN, too, and they stood together within the latter organisation to safeguard African interests – especially in respect of lingering colonialism. Its pursuit of African unity, therefore, was in some ways successful. Total unity was difficult to achieve, however, as the OAU was largely divided. The former French colonies, still dependent on France, had formed the Monrovia Group, and there was a further split between those that supported the United States and those that supported the USSR in the Cold War of ideologies. The pro Socialist faction was led by Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, while Félix Houphouët Boigny of the Ivory Coast led the pro capitalists. Because of these divisions, it was difficult for the OAU to take action against states involved in internal conflicts because it could rarely reach an agreement on what was to be done. The OAU did play a pivotal role in eradicating colonialism and white minority rule in Africa. It gave weapons, training and military bases to rebel groups fighting white minority and colonial rule. Groups such as the ANC and PAC, fighting apartheid, and ZANU and ZAPU, fighting to topple the government of Rhodesia, were aided in their endeavours by the OAU. African harbours were closed to the South African government, and South African aircraft were prohibited from flying over the rest of the continent. The UN was convinced by the OAU to expel South Africa from bodies such as the World Health Organization. The OAU also worked with the UN to ease refugee problems. It set up the African Development Bank for economic projects intended to make Africa financially stronger. Although all African countries eventually won their independence, it remained difficult for them to become totally independent of their former colonisers. There was often continued reliance on the former colonial powers for economic aid, which often came with strings attached: loans had to be paid back at high interest rates, and goods had to be sold to the aiders at low rates. The US and Soviet Union intervened in post colonial Africa in pursuit of their own objectives. Help was sometimes provided in the form of technology and aid workers. Despite the fight to keep "Westerners" (colonialists) out of African affairs, the OAU failed to achieve to meet goals set up to advocate African affairs. The Organisation still heavily depended on Western help (military and economic) to intervene in African affairs, despite African leaders' displeasure at dealing with the international community, especially Western countries.

Date Countries Notes 25 May 1963 Algeria Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo (Brazzaville) Democratic Republic of Congo 1971–97 Zaire Dahomey From 1975 Benin Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire Liberia Libya Madagascar Mali Mauritania Morocco Withdrew 12 November 1984, protesting the membership of Western Sahara. However, Morocco joined the African Union in January 2017, 33 years after its withdrawal. Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanganyika (1961–1964) Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania on 1 November 1964. Togo Tunisia Uganda Upper Volta From 1984 Burkina Faso Zanzibar Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 November 1964. 13 December 1963 Kenya 13 July 1964 Malawi 16 December 1964 Zambia October 1965 Gambia 31 October 1966 Botswana Lesotho August 1968 Mauritius 24 September 1968 Swaziland (now Eswatini) 12 October 1968 Equatorial Guinea 19 November 1973 Guinea Bissau 11 February 1975 Angola 18 July 1975 Cape Verde Comoros Mozambique Sao Tome and Principe 29 June 1976 Seychelles 27 June 1977 Djibouti 1 June 1980 Zimbabwe 22 February 1982 Western Sahara 3 June 1990 Namibia 24 May 1993 Eritrea 6 June 1994 South Africa