Введение
Африканская страна
Chad is one of the 47 landlocked countries in the world and is located in North Central Africa, measuring , nearly twice the size of France and slightly more than three times the size of California. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometer in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B. E. T. (Borkou Ennedi Tibesti) desert region, which itself is larger than France. The capital city of N'Djaména, situated at the confluence of the Chari and Logone Rivers, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 people. Chad has four climatic zones. The northernmost Saharan zone averages less than of rainfall annually. The sparse human population is largely nomadic, with some livestock, mostly small ruminants and camels. The central Sahelian zone receives between rainfall and has vegetation ranging from grass/shrub steppe to thorny, open savanna. The southern zone, often referred to as the Sudan zone, receives between , with woodland savanna and deciduous forests for vegetation. Rainfall in the Guinea zone, located in Chad's southwestern tip, ranges between
The country's topography is generally flat, and is one of the most important wetlands on the continent. Home to 120 species of fish and at least that many species of birds, the lake has shrunk dramatically in the last four decades due to increased water usage from an expanding population and low rainfall. Bordered by Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon, Lake Chad currently covers only 1350 square kilometers, down from 25,000 square kilometers in 1963. The Chari and Logone Rivers, both of which originate in the Central African Republic and flow northward, provide most of the surface water entering Lake Chad. Chad is also next to Niger.
Чад является одной из 47 стран мира, не имеющих выхода к морю, и расположена в Северной Центральной Африке, занимая площадь, почти в два раза превышающую территорию Франции и чуть более чем в три раза – территорию Калифорнии. Большая часть его этнически и лингвистически разнообразного населения проживает на юге, с плотностью населения от 54 человек на квадратный километр в бассейне реки Логон до 0,1 человека на квадратный километр в северной пустынной области Б.Э.Т. (Борку-Эннеди-Тибести), которая сама по себе больше Франции. Столица Нджамена, расположенная при слиянии рек Чари и Логон, имеет космополитичный характер, и в настоящее время в ней проживает более 700 000 человек. В Чаде выделяют четыре климатические зоны. Самая северная, Сахарская зона, получает в среднем менее 25 мм осадков в год. Разреженное население в основном кочевое, с небольшим поголовьем скота, преимущественно мелкого рогатого скота и верблюдов. Центральная Сахельская зона получает от 250 до 500 мм осадков и характеризуется растительностью от травянисто-кустарниковой степи до колючей открытой саванны. Южная зона, часто называемая зоной Судана, получает от 500 до 800 мм осадков, с растительностью в виде лесистой саванны и лиственных лесов. В зоне Гвинеи, расположенной на юго-западном краю Чада, количество осадков колеблется от 800 до 1200 мм.
Chad is one of the 47 landlocked countries in the world and is located in North Central Africa, measuring , nearly twice the size of France and slightly more than three times the size of California. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometer in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B. E. T. (Borkou Ennedi Tibesti) desert region, which itself is larger than France. The capital city of N'Djaména, situated at the confluence of the Chari and Logone Rivers, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 people. Chad has four climatic zones. The northernmost Saharan zone averages less than of rainfall annually. The sparse human population is largely nomadic, with some livestock, mostly small ruminants and camels. The central Sahelian zone receives between rainfall and has vegetation ranging from grass/shrub steppe to thorny, open savanna. The southern zone, often referred to as the Sudan zone, receives between , with woodland savanna and deciduous forests for vegetation. Rainfall in the Guinea zone, located in Chad's southwestern tip, ranges between
The country's topography is generally flat, and is one of the most important wetlands on the continent. Home to 120 species of fish and at least that many species of birds, the lake has shrunk dramatically in the last four decades due to increased water usage from an expanding population and low rainfall. Bordered by Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon, Lake Chad currently covers only 1350 square kilometers, down from 25,000 square kilometers in 1963. The Chari and Logone Rivers, both of which originate in the Central African Republic and flow northward, provide most of the surface water entering Lake Chad. Chad is also next to Niger.
Рельеф страны в основном равнинный, и она является одним из важнейших водно-болотных угодий на континенте. Озеро является домом для 120 видов рыб и не менее чем для такого же количества видов птиц, но за последние четыре десятилетия значительно сократилось в размерах из-за увеличения водопотребления растущим населением и недостаточного количества осадков. Озеро Чад, граничащее с Чадом, Нигером, Нигерией и Камеруном, в настоящее время занимает всего 1350 квадратных километров, по сравнению с 25 000 квадратных километров в 1963 году. Реки Чари и Логон, берущие начало в Центральноафриканской Республике и текущие на север, обеспечивают большую часть поверхностных вод, поступающих в озеро Чад. Чад также граничит с Нигером.
Chad is one of the 47 landlocked countries in the world and is located in North Central Africa, measuring , nearly twice the size of France and slightly more than three times the size of California. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometer in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B. E. T. (Borkou Ennedi Tibesti) desert region, which itself is larger than France. The capital city of N'Djaména, situated at the confluence of the Chari and Logone Rivers, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 people. Chad has four climatic zones. The northernmost Saharan zone averages less than of rainfall annually. The sparse human population is largely nomadic, with some livestock, mostly small ruminants and camels. The central Sahelian zone receives between rainfall and has vegetation ranging from grass/shrub steppe to thorny, open savanna. The southern zone, often referred to as the Sudan zone, receives between , with woodland savanna and deciduous forests for vegetation. Rainfall in the Guinea zone, located in Chad's southwestern tip, ranges between
The country's topography is generally flat, and is one of the most important wetlands on the continent. Home to 120 species of fish and at least that many species of birds, the lake has shrunk dramatically in the last four decades due to increased water usage from an expanding population and low rainfall. Bordered by Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon, Lake Chad currently covers only 1350 square kilometers, down from 25,000 square kilometers in 1963. The Chari and Logone Rivers, both of which originate in the Central African Republic and flow northward, provide most of the surface water entering Lake Chad. Chad is also next to Niger.
Суха 2010 года
22 июня температура в Фае достигла значения, превысившего рекорд 1961 года, зафиксированный в том же месте. Аналогичный рост температуры наблюдался также в Нигере, где начала формироваться ситуация, близкая к голоду. 26 июля жара в Чаде и Нигере достигла почти рекордных отметок.