Введение
Сагала, Сакала или Сангала (Σάγγαλα) — город в древней Индии, являвшийся предшественником современного города Сиалкота, расположенного в нынешней северной провинции Пенджаб Пакистана. Город был столицей королевства Мадра и был разрушен в 326 году до н.э. во время индийского похода Александра Македонского. Во II веке до н.э. Сагала стала столицей Индогреческого царства при Меандре I. Меандр обратился в буддизм после продолжительных диспутов с буддийским монахом, что зафиксировано в буддийском тексте «Милиндапанья». При его правлении Сагала превратилась в важный центр буддизма и процветала как крупный торговый центр.
Ancient city in Pakistan
Sagala, Sakala , or Sangala (Σάγγαλα) was a city in ancient India, which was the predecessor of the modern city of Sialkot that is located in what is now Pakistan's northern Punjab province. The city was the capital of the Madra Kingdom and it was razed in 326 BC during the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great. In the 2nd century BC, Sagala was made capital of the Indo Greek kingdom by Menander I. Menander embraced Buddhism after extensive debating with a Buddhist monk, as recorded in the Buddhist text Milinda Panha. Sagala became a major centre for Buddhism under his reign, and prospered as a major trading centre.
История
Сагала, вероятно, является городом Сакала, упоминаемым в «Махабхарате» – санскритском эпосе Древней Индии, – и занимающим примерно ту же территорию, что и Сагала в греческих источниках. В городе, возможно, проживали саки, или скифы, из Центральной Азии, переселившиеся на Индийский субконтинент. В «Махабхарате» этот регион известен своими «вольными и преданными культу Диониса» женщинами, обитавшими в окрестных лесах. Город располагался в области Сакаладвипа между реками Ченаб и Рави, ныне известной как Речна-Доаб.
Индийский поход Александра Македонского
В "Анабазисе Александра", написанном римским греческим историком Аррианом, зафиксировано, что Александр Великий захватил древний Сиалкот, известный как Сагала, у катеев, которые там укрепились. Накануне вторжения Александра в городе проживало 80 000 жителей.
Under Menander's rule, the city greatly prospered as a major trading centre renowned for its silk. Literary accounts suggests the Greeks and the local population of cities like Sagala lived in relative harmony, with some of the Greeks converting to Buddhism and adopting local traditions. Menander embraced Buddhism in Sagala, after an extensive debating with the Buddhist monk Nagasena, as recorded in the Buddhist text Milinda Panha. the text offers an early description of the city's cityscape and status as a prosperous trade centre with numerous green spaces. Following his conversion, Sialkot developed as a major centre for Buddhist thought. Ancient Sialkot was recorded by Ptolemy in his 1st century CE work, Geography, in which he refers to the city as Euthymedia (Εύθυμέδεια). There is in the country of the Yonakas a great centre of trade, a city that is called Sâgala, situated in a delightful country well watered and hilly, abounding in parks and gardens and groves and lakes and tanks, a paradise of rivers and mountains and woods. Wise architects have laid it out, and its people know of no oppression, since all their enemies and adversaries have been put down. Brave is its defence, with many and various strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated. Well laid out are its streets, squares, cross roads, and market places. Well displayed are the innumerable sorts of costly merchandise with which its shops are filled. It is richly adorned with hundreds of alms halls of various kinds; and splendid with hundreds of thousands of magnificent mansions, which rise aloft like the mountain peaks of the Himalayas. Its streets are filled with elephants, horses, carriages, and foot passengers, frequented by groups of handsome men and beautiful women, and crowded by men of all sorts and conditions, Brahmans, nobles, artificers, and servants. They resound with cries of welcome to the teachers of every creed, and the city is the resort of the leading men of each of the differing sects. Shops are there for the sale of Benares muslin, of Kotumbara stuffs, and of other cloths of various kinds; and sweet odours are exhaled from the bazaars, where all sorts of flowers and perfumes are tastefully set out. Jewels are there in plenty, such as men's hearts desire, and guilds of traders in all sorts of finery display their goods in the bazaars that face all quarters of the sky. So full is the city of money, and of gold and silver ware, of copper and stone ware, that it is a very mine of dazzling treasures. And there is laid up there much store of property and corn and things of value in warehouses foods and drinks of every sort, syrups and sweetmeats of every kind. In wealth it rivals Uttara kuru, and in glory it is as Âlakamandâ, the city of the gods. (The Questions of King Milinda, translated by T. W. Rhys Davids, 1890)
При правлении Менандра город значительно процветал как крупный торговый центр, славившийся своим шелком. Литературные источники свидетельствуют о том, что греки и местное население городов, подобных Сагале, жили в относительной гармонии, при этом некоторые греки обращались в буддизм и принимали местные традиции. Менандр принял буддизм в Сагале после продолжительных дебатов с буддийским монахом Нагасеной, как это зафиксировано в буддийском тексте "Милиндапаньха". В тексте содержится раннее описание городского пейзажа и статуса города как процветающего торгового центра с многочисленными зелеными насаждениями. После обращения Сиалкот стал важным центром буддийской мысли. Древний Сиалкот был упомянут Птолемеем в его труде I века н.э. "География", где город назван Евфимедией (Εύθυμέδεια).
Under Menander's rule, the city greatly prospered as a major trading centre renowned for its silk. Literary accounts suggests the Greeks and the local population of cities like Sagala lived in relative harmony, with some of the Greeks converting to Buddhism and adopting local traditions. Menander embraced Buddhism in Sagala, after an extensive debating with the Buddhist monk Nagasena, as recorded in the Buddhist text Milinda Panha. the text offers an early description of the city's cityscape and status as a prosperous trade centre with numerous green spaces. Following his conversion, Sialkot developed as a major centre for Buddhist thought. Ancient Sialkot was recorded by Ptolemy in his 1st century CE work, Geography, in which he refers to the city as Euthymedia (Εύθυμέδεια). There is in the country of the Yonakas a great centre of trade, a city that is called Sâgala, situated in a delightful country well watered and hilly, abounding in parks and gardens and groves and lakes and tanks, a paradise of rivers and mountains and woods. Wise architects have laid it out, and its people know of no oppression, since all their enemies and adversaries have been put down. Brave is its defence, with many and various strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated. Well laid out are its streets, squares, cross roads, and market places. Well displayed are the innumerable sorts of costly merchandise with which its shops are filled. It is richly adorned with hundreds of alms halls of various kinds; and splendid with hundreds of thousands of magnificent mansions, which rise aloft like the mountain peaks of the Himalayas. Its streets are filled with elephants, horses, carriages, and foot passengers, frequented by groups of handsome men and beautiful women, and crowded by men of all sorts and conditions, Brahmans, nobles, artificers, and servants. They resound with cries of welcome to the teachers of every creed, and the city is the resort of the leading men of each of the differing sects. Shops are there for the sale of Benares muslin, of Kotumbara stuffs, and of other cloths of various kinds; and sweet odours are exhaled from the bazaars, where all sorts of flowers and perfumes are tastefully set out. Jewels are there in plenty, such as men's hearts desire, and guilds of traders in all sorts of finery display their goods in the bazaars that face all quarters of the sky. So full is the city of money, and of gold and silver ware, of copper and stone ware, that it is a very mine of dazzling treasures. And there is laid up there much store of property and corn and things of value in warehouses foods and drinks of every sort, syrups and sweetmeats of every kind. In wealth it rivals Uttara kuru, and in glory it is as Âlakamandâ, the city of the gods. (The Questions of King Milinda, translated by T. W. Rhys Davids, 1890)
В стране йонаков находится великий торговый центр, город, называемый Сагала, расположенный в восхитительной, хорошо орошаемой и холмистой местности, изобилующей парками, садами, рощами, озерами и водоемами – рай рек, гор и лесов. Мудрые архитекторы тщательно спланировали его, и его жители не знают угнетения, поскольку все их враги и противники были повержены. Его оборона сильна, с множеством разнообразных крепких башен и валов, великолепными воротами и арками, а в центре – королевская цитадель с белыми стенами и глубоким рвом. Улицы, площади, перекрестки и рынки в нем продуманы до мелочей. В его лавках прекрасно представлены бесчисленные дорогие товары. Город богато украшен сотнями залов для подаяний различных видов и великолепен сотнями тысяч великолепных особняков, возвышающихся, словно горные вершины Гималаев. Его улицы заполнены слонами, лошадьми, повозками и пешеходами, по ним часто ходят группы красивых мужчин и женщин, а также толпы людей всех сословий: брахманов, дворян, ремесленников и слуг. Повсюду слышны приветствия учителям всех вероисповеданий, и город является местом встречи лидеров различных сект. Здесь есть лавки, где продают бенаресский муслин, ткани из Котумбары и другие ткани различных видов, а из базаров исходят сладкие ароматы цветов и благовоний. Здесь в изобилии драгоценные камни, о которых мечтает человеческое сердце, а гильдии торговцев выставляют свои товары на базарах, обращенных ко всем сторонам света. Город настолько богат деньгами, золотом и серебром, медью и камнем, что он представляет собой настоящую сокровищницу. В его складах хранится множество имущества, зерна и ценностей, а также продукты питания и напитки всех видов, сиропы и сладости. По богатству он соперничает с Уттара Куру, а по славе – с Алакамандой, городом богов. ("Вопросы царя Милинды", перевод Т. У. Райса Дэвидса, 1890 г.)
Under Menander's rule, the city greatly prospered as a major trading centre renowned for its silk. Literary accounts suggests the Greeks and the local population of cities like Sagala lived in relative harmony, with some of the Greeks converting to Buddhism and adopting local traditions. Menander embraced Buddhism in Sagala, after an extensive debating with the Buddhist monk Nagasena, as recorded in the Buddhist text Milinda Panha. the text offers an early description of the city's cityscape and status as a prosperous trade centre with numerous green spaces. Following his conversion, Sialkot developed as a major centre for Buddhist thought. Ancient Sialkot was recorded by Ptolemy in his 1st century CE work, Geography, in which he refers to the city as Euthymedia (Εύθυμέδεια). There is in the country of the Yonakas a great centre of trade, a city that is called Sâgala, situated in a delightful country well watered and hilly, abounding in parks and gardens and groves and lakes and tanks, a paradise of rivers and mountains and woods. Wise architects have laid it out, and its people know of no oppression, since all their enemies and adversaries have been put down. Brave is its defence, with many and various strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated. Well laid out are its streets, squares, cross roads, and market places. Well displayed are the innumerable sorts of costly merchandise with which its shops are filled. It is richly adorned with hundreds of alms halls of various kinds; and splendid with hundreds of thousands of magnificent mansions, which rise aloft like the mountain peaks of the Himalayas. Its streets are filled with elephants, horses, carriages, and foot passengers, frequented by groups of handsome men and beautiful women, and crowded by men of all sorts and conditions, Brahmans, nobles, artificers, and servants. They resound with cries of welcome to the teachers of every creed, and the city is the resort of the leading men of each of the differing sects. Shops are there for the sale of Benares muslin, of Kotumbara stuffs, and of other cloths of various kinds; and sweet odours are exhaled from the bazaars, where all sorts of flowers and perfumes are tastefully set out. Jewels are there in plenty, such as men's hearts desire, and guilds of traders in all sorts of finery display their goods in the bazaars that face all quarters of the sky. So full is the city of money, and of gold and silver ware, of copper and stone ware, that it is a very mine of dazzling treasures. And there is laid up there much store of property and corn and things of value in warehouses foods and drinks of every sort, syrups and sweetmeats of every kind. In wealth it rivals Uttara kuru, and in glory it is as Âlakamandâ, the city of the gods. (The Questions of King Milinda, translated by T. W. Rhys Davids, 1890)