Porsche 993: Последнее поколение с воздушным охлаждением

Fourth generation of the Porsche 911 sports car produced from 1994–1998

The Porsche 993 is the fourth generation of the Porsche 911 model sports car manufactured and sold between January 1994 and early 1998 (model years 1995–1998 in the United States), replacing the 964. Its discontinuation marked the end of air cooled 911 models. The 993 was much improved over and quite different from its predecessor. According to Porsche, every part of the car was designed from the ground up, including the engine and only 20% of its parts were carried over from the previous generation. Porsche refers to the 993 as "a significant advance, not just from a technical, but also a visual perspective." Porsche's engineers devised a new light alloy subframe with coil and wishbone suspension (an all new multi link system, Weissach axle), putting behind the previous lift off oversteer

The 993 had several variants, as its predecessors, varying in body style, engines, drivetrains, and included equipment. Power was increased by the addition of the VarioRam system, particularly in the midranges, and also resulted in more throttle noise at higher revolutions; as a consequence, it resulted in a 15 percent increase in power over its predecessor. The external design of the Porsche 993 was penned by English designer Tony Hatter and retained the basic body shell architecture of the 964 and other earlier 911 models, but with revised exterior panels with much more flared wheel arches, a smoother front and rear bumper design, an enlarged retractable rear wing, and teardrop mirrors. A 993 GT2 was used as the safety car during the 1995 Formula One season.

A major change was the implementation of all alloy multilink rear suspension attached to an alloy subframe, a completely new design derived from the 989, a four door sedan that never went into production. The system later continued in the 993's successor, the 996, and required the widening of the rear wheel arches, which gave better stability. The new suspension improved handling, making it more direct, more stable, and helping to reduce the tendency to oversteer if the throttle were lifted during hard cornering, a trait of earlier 911s. It also reduced interior noise and improved ride quality. The 993 was the first generation of the 911 to have a six speed manual transmission included as standard; its predecessors had four or five speed transmissions. In virtually every situation, keeping the engine at its best torque range above 4,500 rpm was possible. The Carrera, Carrera S, Cabriolet, and Targa models (rear wheel drive) were available with a "Tiptronic" four speed automatic transmission, first introduced in the 964. From the 1995 model year, Porsche offered the Tiptronic S with additional steering wheel mounted controls and refined software for smoother, quicker shifts. Since the 993's introduction, the Tiptronic is capable of recognising climbs and descents. The Tiptronic equipped cars suffer as compared to the manual transmission equipped cars in both acceleration and also top speed, but the differences are not much notable. Tiptronic cars also suffered a increase in weight. The 993's optional all wheel drive system was refined over that of the 964. Porsche departed from the 964's setup consisting of three differentials and revised the system based on the layout from its 959 flagship, replacing the centre differential with a viscous coupling unit. In conjunction with the 993's redesigned suspension, this system improved handling characteristics in inclement weather and still retained the stability offered by all wheel drive without having to suffer as many compromises as the previous all wheel drive system. Its simpler layout also reduced weight, though the four wheel drive Carrera 4 weighs more than its rear wheel drive counterpart (at vs. ). Other improvements over the 964 include a new dual flow exhaust system, larger brakes with drilled discs, and a revised power steering.

The 993 Turbo coupé was introduced in 1995. It featured a new twin turbocharged engine displacing 3.6 liters and generating a maximum power output of Air to air intercoolers, electronic engine management, redesigned cylinder heads, and other modified engine internals completed the new engine. The 993 Turbo was the first 911 Turbo with all wheel drive, taken from the 959 flagship model. The Turbo's bodywork differs from the Carrera by widened rear wheel arches (about 6 cm), redesigned front and rear bumper moldings, and a fixed "whale tail" rear wing housing the intercoolers. New alloy wheels with hollow spokes were standard. The 993 Turbo was one of the first production cars in the world to have an OBDII diagnostics system (the 3.8 litre and GT versions did not have that system, and the normally aspirated 993 variants did not receive it until 1996 model year). The successors of the 993 Turbo since have had water cooled heads. The car also had larger brakes than those on the base Carrera model. Throughout the production run of the Turbo, two distinct differences existed. The 1997 and 1998 cars had these differences from the 1996 cars:
Stronger transmission input shafts (a known weakness due to the combination of immense power and AWD system) were used. The ECU was able to be flashed and modified (the 1996 model's ECU was not modifiable). With the addition of a Porsche child seat, the passenger airbag was cut off. Motion sensors for the alarm were integrated into the map light above the rear view mirror. Standard wheel center caps had "turbo" embedded on them (the 1996 version had Porsche crests). The Porsche 993 Turbo is featured in Need For Speed: High Stakes as the flagship car of the game, as well as in Need for Speed: Porsche Unleashed.

During the second to last year of production of the 993 (1997), Porsche offered the 993 Turbo S, which was manufactured by Porsche Exclusiv department. The Turbo S is a high specification Turbo including a power upgrade to , achieved through the use of larger Triple K K 24 turbochargers, an additional oil cooler, and a modified Motronic engine management system. American market cars produced The inclusion of extras including carbon fibre decoration in the interior makes it different from the earlier lightweight, spartan 964 Turbo S. The 993 Turbo S is recognized by yellow brake calipers, a slightly larger rear wing, a quad pipe exhaust system, a front spoiler with brake cooling ducts (on European market cars), carbon fibre door sills with 'Turbo S' badging, and air scoops behind the doors. This was the last of the air cooled 911 Turbos. The curb weight of the car amounted to
Performance figures include a 0– acceleration time of 3.6 seconds, 0– acceleration time of 8.9 seconds and a top speed of .

The Carrera 4 S (1996) and the later rear wheel drive Carrera S (1997) shared the Turbo model's bodyshell, but housed the naturally aspirated engine in the rear. Both of the S models had slightly lowered suspension as compared to standard Carrera models. The all wheel drive 4S is heavier than the S due to the former's all wheel drive system, resulting in a curb weight of for the C4S vs. for the C2S. Due to this, the S has a quicker acceleration time and a slightly greater top speed than the 4S. Although a Carrera S Cabriolet was never officially offered by the factory, a small number (believed to be five) were specially ordered through the Porsche Exclusiv department in 1997 and sold as 1998 models by Beverly Hills Porsche in California and a single example was ordered by a VIP client through Porsche Exclusiv department for the European market. The wide bodywork is widely acclaimed for its rear looks; it creates more aerodynamic drag, leading to slightly lower top speeds compared to the narrower siblings (about 5 km/h), but the wider tyres result in excellent road holding. The Carrera S is one of the most valuable 993 variants. While unusual, the special limited run models such as the 993 RS, GT, and Turbo S are both rarer and more expensive.

The Carrera RS is a lightweight variant of the Carrera built in 1995 and 1996. It features a naturally aspirated 3.8 liter engine generating a maximum power output of achieved by the use of lightweight forged pistons, dual oil coolers, big intake valves, Varioram variable length intake manifold, a modified Bosch Motronic engine management system, and lightened rocker arms. The six speed G50/31 manual gearbox with a short shifter used on the Carrera RS had modified gear ratios for the first three gears. The larger 322 mm cross drilled and ventilated discs brakes front and aft with four piston calipers were shared with the 911 Turbo and limited slip differential was included as standard equipment. The exterior is easily distinguishable from a normal Carrera by a large fixed rear wing, small front flaps, and three piece aluminum wheels. The headlight washers were deleted for weightsaving reasons. A seam welded body shell with an aluminum bonnet supported with a single strut was used along with thinner glass. On the interior, the rear seats were removed, and special racing seats along with spartan door cards were installed. Sound proofing was also reduced to a minimum. The suspension system used Bilstein dampers and the ride height was lowered for improved handling. Adjustable front and rear antiroll bars and an under bonnet strut brace further increased handling. The final weight of the car was
The Clubsport (option code M003) was a track oriented iteration of the Carrera RS with relatively limited road usability. The Clubsport came equipped with a welded roll cage, suspension strut brace, lightweight composite bucket seats, racing harnesses well as certain comfort features such as carpets, power windows, air conditioning, and radio were deleted. The exterior wise sports a larger rear wing and a deeper chin spoiler than the standard RS. The gearbox ratios were also changed, with a shorter 4th, 5th and 6th gear and a shorter throw gear lever. A RSR variant was available for customers who wanted to go racing. The RSR 3.8 was developed by the Porsche motorsport department specifically to support Porsche customer race team entries in to International Endurance events like the American IMSA GT series and European GT series. Porsche Motorsport produced 45 of these. The Carrera RS was produced in model years 1995 and 1996. It was street legal in Europe and most other markets, but was not approved for import to the United States. Production amounted to 1,014 cars, including 227 Clubsport variants.

The GT2 was the racing version of the 993 Turbo made to compete in the FIA GT2 class racing. By the mid 1990s, most of the sanctioning bodies of road racing had placed severe limitations, if not outright bans on the use all wheel drive systems, due in part to Audi's earlier success in campaigning their various Quattro cars in touring car races around the globe, to Porsche's 959 and its racing version the 961, and in part to the Nissan Skyline. In this atmosphere, to take their turbo engined 993 racing, Porsche developed the rearwheel drive GT. The deletion of the all wheel drive also brought with it the benefit of significant weight savings to the competition car. To qualify the car for racing, a few street legal variants were created for homologation purposes, which are now highly prized and valued by collectors. The interior treatment of the GT2 is similar to that of the sibling Carrera RS. The fenders of the Turbo have been cut back and replaced with bolt on plastic pieces to accommodate large racing tyres and to help ease the repairs of damage to the fenders that are an often recurring event in auto racing. Until 1997, the street legal version of GT2 racecar, named GT, had almost the same engine as the Turbo, but operated with higher boost pressure and generated a maximum power output of In 1998 model year, a dual ignition system was added; power was raised to at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 3,500 rpm. Only 57 road legal variants were built. The racing variants have different engine set ups depending on the applicable racing series. By 1996, the factory quoted power rating was at 5,700 rpm and torque of of torque at 5,000 rpm. Power output was as high as in an "Evo" version designed for the GT1 series, of which only 11 cars were built before it was ultimately replaced by the mid engined 911 GT1. Additionally, the rear deck lid of the street legal version of the GT2 also sported "911 GT" instead of "911 GT2".

The Speedster model was a variant of the 993, with a lowered roof, and a redesigned interior. In contrast to the G model and the 964, Porsche never officially offered the 993 in a Speedster body style. However, two were built by the factory a dark green Speedster equipped with Tiptronic S and wheels for Ferdinand Alexander Porsche (for his 60th anniversary) in 1995 and another wide body, silver Speedster with manual transmission and wheels for American TV star Jerry Seinfeld in 1998. The Seinfeld speedster was originally delivered as a cabriolet model and later sent back to the factory Exclusiv department to be "rebuilt" as a speedster. Additionally, a few 993 convertibles were converted to the Speedster body style by aftermarket coach builders.

After the 3.3 liter G model Turbo convertible (1987–89), Porsche never officially offered an air cooled Turbo convertible again. However, fourteen 993 Turbo Cabriolets were built by the Porsche Exclusiv department in 1995, prior to the introduction of the 993 Turbo coupé. They featured the single turbo engine of the 964 Turbo 3.6, a five speed manual transmission, rear wheel drive and the rear wing of the 964 Turbo 3.6. This cost a premium of DM 89,500 (or an additional 62 percent) over the standard 993 Cabriolet's price.

Performance data: Porsche 993Model (with model year and source)0–97 km/h(60 mph)0–100 km/h(62 mph)0–160 km/h(100 mph)0–200 km/h(124 mph)1/4 mile1 kmTop speedCarrera (1994)(Manufacturer) 5.6 s Carrera (1994)(Auto Motor Sport 1993) 5.3 s12.4 s21.1 s 24.7 sCarrera Tiptronic (1994)(Manufacturer) 6.6 s Carrera RS 3.8 (1995)(Sport Auto 11/94) 5.2 s11.4 s18.7 s Carrera (US) (1995)(Road&Track Jan/94)5.2 s 13.3 s 13.8 at est Carrera (US) (1995)(Car&Driver Jun/94)4.7 s 12.1 s 13.4 at Carrera 4 (US) (1995)(Road & Track Jan/95)5.7 s 14.0 s 14.1 at est Carrera (1996/1997)(Repair Manual) 5.6 s12.3 s 25,1 sCarrera Tiptronic (1996/1997)(Manufacturer) 6.4 s13.8 s Carrera RS 3.8 (1996)(performance car Mar/96)4.7 s 11.2 s 13.2 at Targa (1996)(Auto Motor Sport 20/95)5.55.5 s 21.3 s Carrera 4S (1996)(Sport Auto 12/95) 5.5 s13.2 s23.0 s Targa Tiptronic (1996)(Sport Auto Dec/95) 7.1 s15.4 s27.3 s Carrera 4S (US) (1997)(Car and Driver Jun/96)4.9 s 12.8 s 13.5 at Carrera S (1997)(Sport Auto 02/97)5.2 s5.7 s13.3 s22.7 s Turbocharged versionsTurbo (1995–1998)(Manufacturer) 4.5 s 23.0 sTurbo (1995)(Auto Motor Sport 1995) 4.3 s9.5 s15.1 s 22.4 sTurbo (1995)(Motor Trend Jun/95)3.7 s 9.1 s 12.1 at Turbo (1995)(Autocar 31 May 95)3.7 s 9.2 s 12.3 at 22.1 s180+ mph (290+ km/h)Turbo (1996)(Road&Track Jul/95)3.9 s 9.9 s 12.5 at est Turbo (1995)(Car and Driver Jul/95)3.7 s 9.4 s 12.3 at Turbo S (1997)(Car and Driver Jul/97)3.7 s 8.8 s 12.2 at Turbo S (with performance package)(Performance Car May/98)3.7 s 8.56 s 12.1 at est Turbo (1996) (with factory upgrades)(Auto Motor Sport 25/1996) 3.8 s8.5 s13.5 s 21.8 sGT2 (1995)(Auto Motor Sport 1995) 3.9 s8.4 s13.3 s 21.7 s

ModelTotalSubseries totalGrand total993 Carrera (272 PS) 14,541 46,923 68,029993 Carrera Cabriolet (272 PS) 7,730993 Carrera (285 PS) 8,586993 Carrera Cabriolet (285 PS) 7,769993 Targa (285 PS) 4,583993 Carrera S (285 PS) 3,714993 Carrera 4 (272 PS) 2,884 14,114993 Carrera 4 Cabriolet (272 PS) 1,284993 Carrera 4 (285 PS) 1,860993 Carrera 4 Cabriolet (285 PS) 1,138993 Carrera 4S (285 PS) 6,948993 Turbo 3.6 5,978 5,978993 Carrera RS 1,014 1,014

The 993 generation of the 911 is often referred to as the best and most desirable of the 911 series, not only because of its beauty, but also because of its great performance, even by modern standards. The 993 is quoted as "the last complete 'modern classic'"; "the 993 was and forever will be that last fresh breath of air that Porsche gave the world; elegance and muscle all in one package." The book "Porsche 993 Essential Companion" refers to the 993 as the "King of Porsche," and it is generally acknowledged as "The purists' Holy Grail." In its 12 April 2017 article entitled "The Porsche 993 Actually Lives up to the Hype," Road & Track writes that the 993 is "something truly special," with "a combination of old school feel and modern usability that isn't found in many other cars," with "great steering, great brakes, and a wonderfully composed package." It also states that "The 993 is also beautifully built it's a relic from the time when Porsche didn't cut corners anywhere."

The 993 was replaced by the 996. This represented a dramatic change for the 911. As many enthusiasts agree, "the 993 is one of the sweetest spots in the 911's half century of existence," and while "more modern versions might be more dynamically capable, they're bloated behemoths in comparison to the lean 993."