Тюркские заимствования в английском языке

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This is a list of words that have entered into the English language from the Turkic languages. Many of them came via traders and soldiers from and in the Ottoman Empire. There are some Turkic words as well, most of them entered English via the Russian language.

Languages of Turkic peoples left numerous traces in different languages, including the English language. Turkic borrowings, which belong to the social and political vocabulary, are generally used in special literature and in the historical and ethnographical works, which relate to the life of Turkic and Muslim peoples. The ethnographical words are generally used in the scientific literature, and in the historical and ethnographical texts. The adoption of Indian (principally Hindustani) words, among which there were some Turkic borrowings, became one of the ways for the words of the Turkic origin to penetrate English. Additionally, several words of Turkic origin penetrated English through Central or Eastern European languages like Russian and Polish. Albanian, German, Latin, Spanish, Italian, French, Hungarian and Serbo Croatian were also intermediary languages for the Turkic words to penetrate English, as well as containing numerous Turkic loanwords themselves (e. g. Serbo Croatian contains around 5,000 Turkic loanwords, primarily from Turkish). In the nineteenth century, Turkic loanwords, generally of Turkish origin, began to penetrate not only through the writings of the travelers, diplomats and merchants, and through the ethnographical and historical works, but also through the press. In 1847, there were two English language newspapers in Istanbul – The Levant Herald and The Levant Times, seven newspapers in French, one in German and 37 in Turkish. Turkish contributed the largest share of the Turkic loans, which penetrated into the English directly. This can be explained by the fact that Turkey had the most intensive and wide connections with England. Nevertheless, there are many Turkic loans in English, which were borrowed by its contacts with other peoples – Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kirghiz. Most of the Turkic loans in English carry exotic or ethnographical connotations. They do not have equivalents in English, do not have synonymic relations with primordial words, and generally are used to describe the fauna, flora, life customs, political and social life, and an administrative territorial structure of Turkic regions. But there are many Turkic loans, which are still part of the frequently used vocabulary. Some Turkic loans have acquired new meanings, unrelated to their etymology. To conclude, the words of the Turkic origin began penetrating English as early as the Middle Ages, the Turkic loanwords found their way into English through other languages, most frequently through French. Since the 16c, beginning from the time of the establishment of the direct contacts between England and Turkey, and Russia, in English appeared new direct borrowings from Turkic languages. German, Polish, Russian, Serbo Croatian, French, Arabic, Armenian, Afrikaans, Hungarian, Yiddish, Hindustani, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Malayan, to a different extent, took part in the process of the transfer of the Turkic words into English. The main language from which the borrowings were made, was Turkish.

Elchee or elchi from Turkish elçi, which means "an ambassador". Eleme figs from Turkish eleme "selected, sifted". Smyrna figs of superior quality packed flat.

Imam bayildi from Turkish imambayıldı, "the imam fainted", an eggplant dish prepared with olive oil. Imbat from Turkish imbat, a cooling etesian wind in the Levant (as in Cyprus).

Mammoth from Russian mamot, mamont, mamant, perhaps from a Yakut word derived from Yakut mamma "earth"; from the belief that the mammoths burrowed in the earth like moles. Martagon from Middle English, from Old French, from Old Spanish, from Ottoman Turkish martagan, "a kind of turban". Merdiban an accounting method used by the Ottoman Empire, Abbasid empire, and the Ilkhanate; from a word meaning "Ladder" or "Staircase".

Taiga from Russian taiga, of Turkic origin; akin to Teleut taiga "rocky, mountainous terrain", Turkish dağ "mountain"; Mongolian origin is also possible. Taramasalata from modern Greek taramas "preserved roe", from Turkish tarama "preparation of soft roe or red caviar" + salata "salad". Taranchi from Chagatai Taranci, literally "a farmer". Tarantass from Russian tarantas, which is from Kazan Tatar tarıntas. Tarbagan from Russian, which is from Teleut. A rodent
Tarbush from Arabic tarbūsh, from Ottoman Turkish terposh, probably from Persian sarposh "headdress" (equivalent to sar "head" + pūsh "covering"), by association with Turkish ter "sweat". A tasseled cap of cloth or felt, usually red, that is worn by Muslim men either by itself or as the inner part of the turban. Tarkhan from Old Turkic tarkan, a privileged class. Tarpan from Russian, which is from Kirghiz or Kazakh tarpan. Tartar from Persian Tatar, of Turkic origin. A ferocious or violent person Latin, from "Tartarus" evil, hell. Tau saghyz from Russian tau sagyz, from Turkic tau sagız, from tau "mountain" + sagız "gum, rubber". Tavla from Turkish tavla, a version of the board game backgammon. Tekke from Turkish tekke, a dervish monastery. Tenge from Kazakh teŋge "coin, ruble". Tepe from Turkish tepe, literally "a hill, summit". An artificial mound. Terek from Terek, river of southeast Russia, which is from Balkar Terk. A sandpiper of the Old World breeding in the far north of eastern Europe and Asia and migrating to southern Africa and Australia and frequenting rivers. Theorbo from Italian tiorba, which is from Turkish torba "a bag". Toman from Persian تومان, which is from Turkic tümen, "a unit of ten thousand". Tovarich from Russian tovarishch, from Old East Slavic tovarishch, sing. of tovarishchi, "business associates", which is from Old Turkic tavar ishchi, "businessman, merchant" : tavar, "wealth, trade" + ishchi, "one who works" (from ish, "work, business"). Tughra from Turkish tuğra, an elaborate monogram formed of the Sultan's name and titles. Tungus a member of the Tungusic people; from Russian, from East Turkic tunguz, "wild pig, boar", from Old Turkic tonguz. Turk from Turkish türk, which has several meanings in English. Turki from Persian turki, from Turk, "Turk", from Turkish Türk. Turquoise from Middle English Turkeys, from Anglo French turkeise, from feminine of turkeis Turkish, from Turc Turkish. Tuzla from Turkish tuzla, from the name of Lake Tuz in Turkey. A central Anatolian rug. Tzatziki from modern Greek tsatsiki, which is from Turkish cacık.

Ugrian from Old East Slavic Ugre, which means "Hungarians", of Turkic origin. Uhlan from Turkish oğlan "a boy, servant". Urdu from Hindustani Urdu "camp", which is from Turkic ordu (source of horde). Urman from Russian, which is from Kazan Tatar urman, "a forest", synonymous with taiga; Turkish word orman. Ushak from Ushak, Turkish Uşak, manufacturing town of western Turkey. A heavy woolen oriental rug tied in Ghiordes knots and characterized by bright primary colors and an elaborate medallion pattern.

Yardang from Turkic yardang, ablative of yar "steep bank, precipice". Yarmulka of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish yağmurluk which means "rainwear". Yashmak or yashmac from Turkish yaşmak. Yataghan from Turkish yatağan. Yogurt from Turkish yoğurt. (yogurt on wiktionary)
Yurt from Turkic yurt, which means "a dwelling place". Yuruk from Turkish yürük, "a nomad". 1. One of a nomadic shepherd people of the mountains of southeastern Anatolia. 2. A Turkish rug from the Konya and Karaman regions, southeastern Anatolia.

Zill from Turkish zil "bell, cymbals", of onomatopoeic origin.