Первая эскадрилья морских вертолетов США: История и современность (HMX-1)

Marine Helicopter Squadron One (HMX 1) is a United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron responsible for the transportation of the president and vice president of the United States, heads of state, Department of Defense officials, and other VIPs as directed by the Marine Corps and White House Military Office. A Marine helicopter with the president aboard uses the call sign "Marine One". Previously, HMX 1 was also tasked with operational test and evaluation (OT&E). This task was reassigned to VMX 1 in Yuma, Arizona; since the contract award of the new presidential helicopter in 2014 to Sikorsky Aircraft, however, HMX 1 has assumed the temporary role of OT&E for this platform, because of its unique nature and mission. The VH 92A first flew in 2017 and is expected to be operational sometime after 2022. Nicknamed "Nighthawks", HMX 1 is headquartered at Marine Corps Air Facility Quantico, Virginia, and maintains detachments at Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling in Washington, D. C., and Joint Base Andrews Naval Air Facility in Maryland.

In 1946, General Roy S. Geiger observed the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll and instantly recognized that atomic bombs could render amphibious landings difficult because of the dense concentrations of troops, ships, and material at the beachhead. The Commandant of the Marine Corps convened a special board, the Hogaboom Board, that recommended that the Marine Corps develop transport helicopters in order to allow a more diffuse attack on enemy shores. It also recommended that they stand up an experimental helicopter squadron. HMX 1 was commissioned on 1 December 1947 under the command of Colonel Edward C. Dyer and based at MCAS Quantico, Virginia, because of its relative proximity to the Sikorsky and Piasecki plants in Connecticut, and to the Marine Corps schools where most of the original personnel would come. They operated the Sikorsky HO3S 1 and the Piasecki HRP 1 and saw their first test of capabilities in May of that year when five squadron aircraft transported 66 Marines from the deck of the Palau to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. While the test aircraft could only carry three Marines each and required multiple trips, it did indicate the possibilities of the concept. In 1948 the Marine Corps Schools came out with Amphibious Operations Employment of Helicopters (Tentative) or Phib 31 which was the first manual for airmobile operations. The Marines used the term "vertical envelopment" instead of "air mobility" or "air assault". HMX 1 performed the first ship to shore movement of troops from the deck of an aircraft carrier in an exercise in May 1948. After the start of the Korean War, four HMX 1 helicopters were attached to VMO 6 and sent to help the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade at the Battle of Pusan Perimeter in 1950. They were used for battlefield observation and control as well as medical evacuation and the rescue of fliers. During the Chosin campaign they were used for liaison between the different Marine units strung along the western edge of the Chosin Reservoir. The requirements of the Korean War exceeded the Navy's training requirement thus HMX 1 was pressed into service as a training command for the first few years of the war. They trained the nucleus of pilots that would form HMR 161, the first Marine helicopter transport squadron. On 7 September 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was vacationing in Newport, Rhode Island, when his immediate presence was needed at the White House. The President was required at the White House to deal with the "Little Rock Nine" crisis stemming from Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus ordering the Arkansas National Guard to block black students from attending Central High School. President Eisenhower responded by sending the 101st Airborne into Little Rock to enforce the Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education desegregation ruling handed down by the U. S. Supreme Court in May 1954. Typically, the return trip to Washington, D. C., required an hour long ferry ride across Narragansett Bay to Air Force One at the Quonset Point Naval Air Station, followed by a 45 minute flight to Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, and a 20 minute motorcade ride to the White House. Realizing the urgent need for his presence in Washington, President Eisenhower directed his staff to find a faster way to Air Force One. An HMX 1 UH 34 helicopter was on Aquidneck Island in case of an emergency and could be used to fly the president to his awaiting aircraft. President Eisenhower approved the idea, and Col. Virgil D. Olson and his crew were ordered to rush to a landing pad at the Naval War College at Newport, where the President and Mrs. Eisenhower were staying during their vacation. Col. Olson reported making the flight to the waiting Air Force One across Narragansett Bay in a 6 minute flight. Thus, a precedent was set.

The first official presidential helicopter was the VH 34 Choctaw, beginning operations in September 1957, and replaced by the VH 3A Sea King beginning in 1962. In the late 1970s, the VH 3As were retired and replaced by the upgraded VH 3D. The current fleet is made up of the VH 3D and the VH 60N "WhiteHawk", which entered service with the squadron in 1988. The V designates the aircraft as configured for use by VIPs. The Executive Flight Detachment is the only Marine Corps unit to operate these Sikorsky aircraft. The VH 3D is capable of transporting 14 passengers while the VH 60N seats 11. Both helicopters require a pilot, copilot, and crew chief, and the VH 60N's crew also includes a communications systems operator. Because the VH 60N folds easily for loading into an Air Force C 5 Galaxy or a C 17 Globemaster it is ideal for overseas assignments. The Marines can prepare a VH 60N for a C 5 load in less than two hours. The VXX program was restarted, and is slated to deliver new aircraft between 2017 and 2023. These support aircraft also share the HMX 1 dark green livery, but lack the white paint at the top of the aircraft (thus the nickname "white tops") that the VIP transport helicopters have. On 11 August 2013 two MV 22 Ospreys made their presidential debut ferrying Secret Service agents, White House staff, and members of the media from CGAS Cape Cod to Martha's Vineyard during the President's vacation. , HMX 1 has 7 Sikorsky VH 3D of 1960s' vintage, 8 Sikorsky VH 60N from the 80s/90s era and 12 Bell Boeing MV 22 Ospreys.

The presidential and VIP flights are conducted by "Whiteside", the Executive Flight Detachment. Most activities of Whiteside are directed by the White House Military Office. Whiteside, although based at Quantico, Virginia, operates extensively out of an adjunct facility at Joint Base Anacostia Bolling in Washington, D. C.

Operations by "Greenside", which is the rest of HMX 1, include operational test and evaluation, such as with the V 22, a vertical take off and landing tiltrotor aircraft, and support of exercises and training evolutions for the Marine Corps Combat Development Command at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. The "X" in its squadron designator originally stood for Experimental, emblematic of its original mission of testing new helicopters and flight systems. However, as its operational role in VIP transportation overshadowed its operational test and evaluation role, the "Experimental" moniker was dropped, although the squadron designator was left unchanged. Marines who fly in the Executive Flight Detachment may be eligible for the Presidential Service Badge after a certain term of service.