Введение
Американский адвокат и политик Джейкоб Мерритт Говард (10 июля 1805 – 2 апреля 1871) – американский адвокат и политик. Наиболее известен своей службой в качестве члена Палаты представителей и сенатора США от штата Мичиган, а его политическая карьера охватила период Гражданской войны в США. Говард родился в Шафтсбери, штат Вермонт, учился в школах южного Вермонта, а затем поступил в Уильямс-колледж, который окончил в 1830 году. Он изучал право, переехал в Детройт в 1832 году и был допущен к адвокатской практике в 1833 году. Говард занимался юридической практикой в Детройте и активно включился в политику, сначала как виг, а затем как республиканец. Среди должностей, которые он занимал, были должность городского прокурора (1834) и член Палаты представителей штата Мичиган (1838). В 1840 году он был избран в Палату представителей США и прослужил один срок, с 1841 по 1843 год. В 1854 году он был одним из основателей Республиканской партии, а с 1855 по 1861 год занимал должность генерального прокурора штата Мичиган. После смерти сенатора Кинсли С. Бингема в 1861 году Говард был избран на его место, вступив в должность в январе 1862 года. Он был избран на полный срок в 1865 году и прослужил до марта 1871 года. С 1863 по 1871 год Говард был председателем Комитета Сената по Тихоокеанским железным дорогам. Говард умер 2 апреля 1871 года, через месяц после окончания его последнего срока в Сенате. Он был похоронен на кладбище Элмвуд в Детройте.
Jacob Merritt Howard (July 10, 1805 – April 2, 1871) was an American attorney and politician. He was most notable for his service as a U. S. Representative and U. S. Senator from the state of Michigan, and his political career spanned the American Civil War. Howard was a native of Shaftsbury, Vermont, and attended schools in southern Vermont before attending Williams College, from which he graduated in 1830. He studied law, moved to Detroit in 1832, and attained admission to the bar in 1833. Howard practiced in Detroit and became active in politics, first as a Whig, and later as a Republican. Among the offices he held were city attorney (1834) and member of the Michigan House of Representatives (1838). In 1840 he was elected to the U. S. House, and he served one term, 1841 to 1843. In 1854 he was one of the founders of the Republican Party, and he served as Michigan Attorney General from 1855 to 1861. After Senator Kinsley S. Bingham died in 1861, Howard was elected to fill the vacancy, taking office in January 1862. He was elected to a full term in 1865, and served until March 1871. From 1863 to 1871, Howard was chairman of the Senate's Committee on Pacific Railroads. Howard died April 2, 1871, a month after the expiration of his final Senate term. He was buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit.
Ранние годы
Говард родился в Шафтсбери, штат Вермонт, 10 июля 1805 года, сыном фермера Отиса Говарда и Мэри "Полли" Миллингтон. Он посещал местные школы и академии в Бенингтоне и Браттлборо. Затем изучал юриспруденцию у адвоката Гомера Бартлетта из Уэра, штат Массачусетс. Говард примкнул к антирабовладельческому крылу партии вигов и агитировал за кандидатов в президенты Генри Клэя (1844), Закари Тейлора (1848) и Винфилда Скотта (1852).
Сенатор США
Говард был избран республиканцем в Сенат США в 1861 году, чтобы заполнить вакансию, вызванную смертью Кинсли С. Бингема. Он был переизбран в 1865 году и служил с января 1862 года по март 1871 года. Говард оправдал выплату вознаграждений информаторам, многие из которых сами были замешаны в неэтичных действиях:
I have based the [qui tam provision] upon the old fashioned idea of holding out a temptation, and 'setting a rogue to catch a rogue,' which is the safest and most expeditious way I have ever discovered of bringing rogues to justice. Howard is credited with working closely with Abraham Lincoln in drafting and passing the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery.</blockquote>
Howard clarified his statement during the original congressional debate over the amendment describing the clause as having the same content, despite different wording, as the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1866, which reads: “all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States”. He said of the exclusion of Native Americans who maintain their tribal ties:
I am not yet prepared to pass a sweeping act of naturalization by which all the Indian savages, wild or tame, belonging to a tribal relation, are to become my fellow citizens and go to the polls and vote with me. According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University, "A good number of his fellow senators supported his view of the citizenship clause." Senator Reverdy Johnson said in the debate:
<blockquote>Now, all this amendment provides is, that all persons born in the United States and not subject to some foreign Power—for that, no doubt, is the meaning of the committee who have brought the matter before us—shall be considered as citizens of the United States If there are to be citizens of the United States entitled everywhere to the character of citizens of the United States, there should be some certain definition of what citizenship is, what has created the character of citizen as between himself and the United States, and the amendment says citizenship may depend upon birth, and I know of no better way to give rise to citizenship than the fact of birth within the territory of the United States, born of parents who at the time were subject to the authority of the United States. In response, Ho and Wydra argued that a close reading of Howard's statement reveals that he meant one class of persons, the children of ambassadors at posts in the United States at the time their children were born because ambassadors to the U. S. would be foreigners, and since they were not permanent residents, they were aliens. In 1954, a historic marker commemorating Howard's career was placed on the lawn of the Baptist church in Shaftsbury, which later became the home of the Shaftsbury Historical Society.
Я основывал [положение qui tam] на старомодной идее создания соблазна и принципа «поставить вора ловить вора», что, как я обнаружил, является самым безопасным и быстрым способом привлечь воров к ответственности. Говарду приписывают тесное сотрудничество с Авраамом Линкольном при разработке и принятии Тринадцатой поправки, отменившей рабство. Говард уточнил свое заявление во время первоначальных конгрессных дебатов о поправке, описав пункт как содержащий то же самое, несмотря на иную формулировку, что и более ранний Закон о гражданских правах 1866 года, который гласит: «Все лица, родившиеся в Соединенных Штатах и не подчиняющиеся какой-либо иностранной власти, за исключением не облагаемых налогом индейцев, настоящим объявляются гражданами Соединенных Штатов». Он сказал об исключении коренных американцев, сохраняющих племенные связи:
I have based the [qui tam provision] upon the old fashioned idea of holding out a temptation, and 'setting a rogue to catch a rogue,' which is the safest and most expeditious way I have ever discovered of bringing rogues to justice. Howard is credited with working closely with Abraham Lincoln in drafting and passing the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery.</blockquote>
Howard clarified his statement during the original congressional debate over the amendment describing the clause as having the same content, despite different wording, as the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1866, which reads: “all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States”. He said of the exclusion of Native Americans who maintain their tribal ties:
I am not yet prepared to pass a sweeping act of naturalization by which all the Indian savages, wild or tame, belonging to a tribal relation, are to become my fellow citizens and go to the polls and vote with me. According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University, "A good number of his fellow senators supported his view of the citizenship clause." Senator Reverdy Johnson said in the debate:
<blockquote>Now, all this amendment provides is, that all persons born in the United States and not subject to some foreign Power—for that, no doubt, is the meaning of the committee who have brought the matter before us—shall be considered as citizens of the United States If there are to be citizens of the United States entitled everywhere to the character of citizens of the United States, there should be some certain definition of what citizenship is, what has created the character of citizen as between himself and the United States, and the amendment says citizenship may depend upon birth, and I know of no better way to give rise to citizenship than the fact of birth within the territory of the United States, born of parents who at the time were subject to the authority of the United States. In response, Ho and Wydra argued that a close reading of Howard's statement reveals that he meant one class of persons, the children of ambassadors at posts in the United States at the time their children were born because ambassadors to the U. S. would be foreigners, and since they were not permanent residents, they were aliens. In 1954, a historic marker commemorating Howard's career was placed on the lawn of the Baptist church in Shaftsbury, which later became the home of the Shaftsbury Historical Society.
Я еще не готов принять всеобъемлющий акт о натурализации, в соответствии с которым все индейские дикари, дикие или одомашненные, принадлежащие к племенным отношениям, должны стать моими согражданами и пойти на выборы и голосовать вместе со мной. По словам историка Гленна В. ЛаФантази из Университета Западного Кентукки, «значительное число его коллег-сенаторов поддержали его точку зрения на пункт о гражданстве». Сенатор Реверди Джонсон сказал в ходе дебатов:
I have based the [qui tam provision] upon the old fashioned idea of holding out a temptation, and 'setting a rogue to catch a rogue,' which is the safest and most expeditious way I have ever discovered of bringing rogues to justice. Howard is credited with working closely with Abraham Lincoln in drafting and passing the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery.</blockquote>
Howard clarified his statement during the original congressional debate over the amendment describing the clause as having the same content, despite different wording, as the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1866, which reads: “all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States”. He said of the exclusion of Native Americans who maintain their tribal ties:
I am not yet prepared to pass a sweeping act of naturalization by which all the Indian savages, wild or tame, belonging to a tribal relation, are to become my fellow citizens and go to the polls and vote with me. According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University, "A good number of his fellow senators supported his view of the citizenship clause." Senator Reverdy Johnson said in the debate:
<blockquote>Now, all this amendment provides is, that all persons born in the United States and not subject to some foreign Power—for that, no doubt, is the meaning of the committee who have brought the matter before us—shall be considered as citizens of the United States If there are to be citizens of the United States entitled everywhere to the character of citizens of the United States, there should be some certain definition of what citizenship is, what has created the character of citizen as between himself and the United States, and the amendment says citizenship may depend upon birth, and I know of no better way to give rise to citizenship than the fact of birth within the territory of the United States, born of parents who at the time were subject to the authority of the United States. In response, Ho and Wydra argued that a close reading of Howard's statement reveals that he meant one class of persons, the children of ambassadors at posts in the United States at the time their children were born because ambassadors to the U. S. would be foreigners, and since they were not permanent residents, they were aliens. In 1954, a historic marker commemorating Howard's career was placed on the lawn of the Baptist church in Shaftsbury, which later became the home of the Shaftsbury Historical Society.
Теперь, все, что предусматривает эта поправка, это то, что все лица, родившиеся в Соединенных Штатах и не подчиняющиеся какой-либо иностранной власти – поскольку, несомненно, это подразумевает комитет, представивший этот вопрос нашему рассмотрению – будут считаться гражданами Соединенных Штатов. Если граждане Соединенных Штатов должны иметь право везде пользоваться статусом граждан Соединенных Штатов, должно быть четкое определение того, что такое гражданство, что создает статус гражданина в отношениях между ним и Соединенными Штатами, и поправка гласит, что гражданство может зависеть от рождения, и я не знаю лучшего способа возникновения гражданства, чем факт рождения на территории Соединенных Штатов у родителей, которые в то время находились под властью Соединенных Штатов. В ответ Хо и Уайдра утверждали, что внимательное прочтение заявления Говарда показывает, что он имел в виду одну категорию лиц – детей послов, находящихся на посту в Соединенных Штатах на момент рождения их детей, поскольку послы в США являются иностранцами, и поскольку они не являются постоянными жителями, они являются иностранными гражданами. В 1954 году на лужайке баптистской церкви в Шафтсбери, которая впоследствии стала домом Исторического общества Шафтсбери, был установлен исторический знак в память о карьере Говарда.
I have based the [qui tam provision] upon the old fashioned idea of holding out a temptation, and 'setting a rogue to catch a rogue,' which is the safest and most expeditious way I have ever discovered of bringing rogues to justice. Howard is credited with working closely with Abraham Lincoln in drafting and passing the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery.</blockquote>
Howard clarified his statement during the original congressional debate over the amendment describing the clause as having the same content, despite different wording, as the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1866, which reads: “all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States”. He said of the exclusion of Native Americans who maintain their tribal ties:
I am not yet prepared to pass a sweeping act of naturalization by which all the Indian savages, wild or tame, belonging to a tribal relation, are to become my fellow citizens and go to the polls and vote with me. According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University, "A good number of his fellow senators supported his view of the citizenship clause." Senator Reverdy Johnson said in the debate:
<blockquote>Now, all this amendment provides is, that all persons born in the United States and not subject to some foreign Power—for that, no doubt, is the meaning of the committee who have brought the matter before us—shall be considered as citizens of the United States If there are to be citizens of the United States entitled everywhere to the character of citizens of the United States, there should be some certain definition of what citizenship is, what has created the character of citizen as between himself and the United States, and the amendment says citizenship may depend upon birth, and I know of no better way to give rise to citizenship than the fact of birth within the territory of the United States, born of parents who at the time were subject to the authority of the United States. In response, Ho and Wydra argued that a close reading of Howard's statement reveals that he meant one class of persons, the children of ambassadors at posts in the United States at the time their children were born because ambassadors to the U. S. would be foreigners, and since they were not permanent residents, they were aliens. In 1954, a historic marker commemorating Howard's career was placed on the lawn of the Baptist church in Shaftsbury, which later became the home of the Shaftsbury Historical Society.
Речь, в которой в Сенате США была представлена Четырнадцатая поправка
Рукописный черновик речи Говарда, представленный Сенату при внесении Четырнадцатой поправки, через TIFIS.org. Congressional Globe, 39-й Конгресс, 1-я сессия, Сенат, 2764–68 (23 мая 1866 г.). "Реконструкция: дебаты в Сенате", Boston Daily Advertiser (24 мая 1866 г.) через TIFIS.org. "Речь сенатора Говарда", Philadelphia Inquirer (24 мая 1866 г.), через TIFIS.org.