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Consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative

An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, and , often spelled ch and j, respectively.

The English sounds spelled "ch" and "j" (broadly transcribed as and in the IPA), German and Italian z and Italian z are typical affricates, and sounds like these are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds, such as those in Polish and Chinese. However, voiced affricates other than are relatively uncommon. For several places of articulation they are not attested at all. Much less common are labiodental affricates, such as in German and Izi, or velar affricates, such as in Tswana (written kg) or in High Alemannic Swiss German dialects. Worldwide, relatively few languages have affricates in these positions even though the corresponding stop consonants, and , are common or virtually universal. Also less common are alveolar affricates where the fricative release is lateral, such as the sound found in Nahuatl and Navajo. Some other Athabaskan languages, such as Dene Suline, have unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective series of affricates whose release may be dental, alveolar, postalveolar, or lateral: , , , , , , , , , , , and .

In the case of coronals, the symbols are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place. For example, is commonly seen for
The exemplar languages are ones that have been reported to have these sounds, but in several cases, they may need confirmation.

Sound (voiceless) IPA Languages Sound (voiced) IPA Languages Voiceless bilabial affricate Present allophonically in Kaingang and Taos. Not reported as a phoneme in any natural language. Voiced bilabial affricate Allophonic in Banjun and Shipibo Voiceless bilabial labiodental affricate German, Teke Voiced bilabial labiodental affricate Teke Voiceless labiodental affricate XiNkuna Tsonga Voiced labiodental affricate XiNkuna Tsonga Voiceless dental non sibilant affricate New York English, Luo, Dene Suline, Cun, some varieties of Venetian and other North Italian dialects Voiced dental non sibilant affricate New York, Dublin, and Maori English, Dene Suline Voiceless retroflex non sibilant affricate Mapudungun , Malagasy Voiced retroflex non sibilant affricate Malagasy Voiceless palatal affricate Skolt Sami (younger speakers), Hungarian (casual speech), Albanian (transcribed as [c]), allophonically in Kaingang Voiced palatal affricate Skolt Sami (younger speakers), Hungarian (casual speech), Albanian (transcribed as [ɟ]), some Spanish dialects. Not reported to contrast with a voiced palatal plosive Voiceless velar affricate Tswana, High Alemannic German Voiced velar affricate Allophonic in some English English Voiceless uvular affricate Nez Percé, Wolof, Bats, Kabardian, Avar, Tsez. Not reported to contrast with a voiceless uvular plosive in natural languages. Voiced uvular affricate Reported from the Raivavae dialect of Austral and Ekagi with a velar lateral allophone before front vowels. Voiceless pharyngeal affricate Haida. Not reported to contrast with an epiglottal stop Voiced pharyngeal affricate Somali. Only pronounced as [ʡʢ] when 'c' occurs initially, otherwise realized as [ʡ] Voiceless glottal affricate Yuxi dialect, allophonic in Received Pronunciation Voiced glottal affricate Not attested in any natural language

Sound (voiceless) IPA Languages Sound (voiced) IPA Languages Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate Cherokee, Nahuatl, Navajo, Tswana, etc. Voiced alveolar lateral affricate Gwich'in, Sandawe. Not reported to ever contrast with a voiced alveolar lateral fricative Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate Bhadrawahi, apical post alveolar. Realization of phonemic in Kamkata vari and Kamvari. Voiced retroflex lateral affricate Bhadrawahi, apical post alveolar. Realization of phonemic in Kamkata vari and Kamviri. Voiceless palatal lateral affricate as ejective in Dahalo; in free variation with in Hadza. Voiced palatal lateral affricate Allophonic in Sandawe. Voiceless velar lateral affricate as a prevelar in Archi and as an ejective in Zulu, also exist in the Laghuu language. Voiced velar lateral affricate Laghuu.

Sound (voiceless) IPA Languages Sound (voiced) IPA Languages Voiceless trilled bilabial affricate Not attested in any natural language. Voiced trilled bilabial affricate Kele and Avava. Reported only in an allophone of [mb] before [o] or [u]. Voiceless trilled alveolar affricate Ngkoth. Voiced trilled alveolar affricate Nias. Fijian and Avava also have this sound after [n]. Voiceless epiglottal affricate Hydaburg Haida. Voiced epiglottal affricate Hydaburg Haida. Cognate to Southern Haida , Masset Haida
Pirahã and Wari' have a dental stop with bilabial trilled release .

Although most affricates are homorganic, Navajo and Chiricahua Apache have a heterorganic alveolar velar affricate (Hoijer & Opler 1938, Young & Morgan 1987, Ladefoged & Maddeison 1996, McDonough 2003, McDonough & Wood 2008, Iskarous, et al. 2012). Wari' and Pirahã have a voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate [t̪ʙ̥] (see #Trilled affricates), Blackfoot has Other heterorganic affricates are reported for Northern Sotho (Johnson 2003) and other Bantu languages such as Phuthi, which has alveolar–labiodental affricates and , and Sesotho, which has bilabial–palatoalveolar affricates and Djeoromitxi (Pies 1992) has and .

The coronal and dorsal places of articulation attested as ejectives as well: Several Khoisan languages such as !Xóõ are reported to have voiced ejective affricates, but these are actually pre voiced: Affricates are also commonly aspirated: , murmured: , and prenasalized: Labialized, palatalized, velarized, and pharyngealized affricates are also common. Affricates may also have phonemic length, that is, affected by a chroneme, as in Italian and Karelian.

In phonology, affricates tend to behave similarly to stops, taking part in phonological patterns that fricatives do not. analyzes phonetic affricates as phonological stops. A sibilant or lateral (and presumably trilled) stop can be realized phonetically only as an affricate and so might be analyzed phonemically as a sibilant or lateral stop. In that analysis, affricates other than sibilants and laterals are a phonetic mechanism for distinguishing stops at similar places of articulation (like more than one labial, coronal, or dorsal place). For example, Chipewyan has laminal dental vs. apical alveolar ; other languages may contrast velar with palatal and uvular Affricates may also be a strategy to increase the phonetic contrast between aspirated or ejective and tenuis consonants. According to , no language contrasts a non sibilant, non lateral affricate with a stop at the same place of articulation and with the same phonation and airstream mechanism, such as and or and
In feature based phonology, affricates are distinguished from stops by the feature [+delayed release].

In rare instances, a fricative–stop contour may occur. This is the case in dialects of Scottish Gaelic that have velar frication where other dialects have pre aspiration. For example, in the Harris dialect there is seachd 'seven' and ochd 'eight' (or , ). These have been proposed to be called suffricates. Awngi has 2 suffricates /s͡t/ and /ʃ͡t/ according to some analyses.