Польские ракеты-зонды "Метеор": история создания (1963-1974), исследования атмосферы, ветра на высоте 18-50+ км. Разработка Варшавского авиационного института.
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Введение
Метеор – обозначение серии польских ракет-зондов. Ракеты "Метеор" строились с 1963 по 1974 год. "Метеор" представлял собой одно- и двухступенчатые метеорологические ракеты на твердом топливе, предназначенные для исследования верхних слоев атмосферы, направлений и силы ветра на высоте от 18 км до более чем 50 км над поверхностью Земли. Эти ракеты были разработаны польскими инженерами Варшавского авиационного института (в числе которых были профессор Яцек Вальчевский и инженер Адам Обидзинский) и производились на заводе WZK Mielec.
Meteor is a designation of a series of Polish sounding rockets. The Meteor rockets were built between 1963 and 1974. Meteor was the one and two stages meteorological rockets, using the solid fuel, constructed for the research of the top layers of atmosphere, wind directions and forces from 18 km to more than 50 km above the Earth surface. These rockets were designed by Polish engineers of Warsaw Aviation Institute (among them was Professor Jacek Walczewski and engineer Adam Obidziński) and had been produced by WZK Mielec factory.
История
Первым местом запуска зондирующих ракет в Польше была Блендовская пустыня, где с 1958 по 1963 год запускались ракеты различных типов, среди них РД и Раско. Во время полёта был проведён биологический эксперимент с двумя предварительно обученными белыми мышами (ракета RM 2D достигла высоты 1580 метров). С 1965 по апрель 1970 года ракеты "Метеор-1" запускались с "космодрома", расположенного в 5 км от города Устка. Эта программа продолжалась до 1974 года, когда ракеты запускались с территории экспериментального центра, основанного там в годы Второй мировой войны, расположенного на западной стороне города Лёба. В настоящее время он находится в музее (стартовая площадка с рампой и радиолокационными базами). Совершено 224 полёта ракет серии "Метеор-1" (включая прототипы). В результате этих исследований были собраны и проанализированы ценные данные, как метеорологические, так и связанные с ракетной техникой. "Метеор-1", "Метеор-2H" и "Метеор-2K" (крупнейшая гражданская ракета, разработанная в Польше) были одноступенчатыми ракетами. "Метеор-3" – двухступенчатая ракета, разработанная на основе "Метеора-1".
The first launching site of the sounding rockets in Poland was Błędowska Desert, where since 1958 to 1963, the rockets of different types had been launched; among others RD and Rasko. During a flight, the biological experiment with earlier trained two white mouses was conducted (the RM 2D rocket achieved the altitude of 1,580 meters). Since 1965 to April 1970, the Meteor 1 rockets had been launched from "spaceport" located 5 km from Ustka town. This programme had been continued to 1974, when rockets were bearing out from the area of experimental center founded there during the years of the Second World War, located on west side of Łeba town. Currently, it is in the museum (the starting place with ramp and the radar bases). There was 224 flights of "Meteor 1" rocket series (including prototypes). The valuable data both meteorological and connected with rocket techniques were collected and analyzed as the result of these researches. The "Meteor 1", "Meteor 2H" and "Meteor 2K" (the largest civilian rocket developed in Poland) were single stage rockets. The "Meteor 3" was a two stage rocket, developed from "Meteor 1". Meteor 1 Meteor 2H Meteor 2K Meteor 3 maximum altitude 40 km 68 km 100 km 65 km takeoff thrust 14 kN 24 kN 52 kN 14 kN diameter 12 cm 35 cm 35 cm 12 cm length 2.5 m 4.5 m 4.3 m 4.3 m
Meteor rockets had been launched from Łeba and Ustka. Five Meteor rockets missions were conducted around 1970 from Zingst, in the former Eastern Germany. The programme of flights of Meteor 2 was finished during the same year, when Poland started to participate in Interkosmos research, using the Vertical rockets, which were derived from R 14 missile.
Метеор 1 Метеор 2H Метеор 2K Метеор 3
Максимальная высота 40 км 68 км 100 км 65 км
Тяга при взлёте 14 кН 24 кН 52 кН 14 кН
Диаметр 12 см 35 см 35 см 12 см
Длина 2,5 м 4,5 м 4,3 м 4,3 м
The first launching site of the sounding rockets in Poland was Błędowska Desert, where since 1958 to 1963, the rockets of different types had been launched; among others RD and Rasko. During a flight, the biological experiment with earlier trained two white mouses was conducted (the RM 2D rocket achieved the altitude of 1,580 meters). Since 1965 to April 1970, the Meteor 1 rockets had been launched from "spaceport" located 5 km from Ustka town. This programme had been continued to 1974, when rockets were bearing out from the area of experimental center founded there during the years of the Second World War, located on west side of Łeba town. Currently, it is in the museum (the starting place with ramp and the radar bases). There was 224 flights of "Meteor 1" rocket series (including prototypes). The valuable data both meteorological and connected with rocket techniques were collected and analyzed as the result of these researches. The "Meteor 1", "Meteor 2H" and "Meteor 2K" (the largest civilian rocket developed in Poland) were single stage rockets. The "Meteor 3" was a two stage rocket, developed from "Meteor 1". Meteor 1 Meteor 2H Meteor 2K Meteor 3 maximum altitude 40 km 68 km 100 km 65 km takeoff thrust 14 kN 24 kN 52 kN 14 kN diameter 12 cm 35 cm 35 cm 12 cm length 2.5 m 4.5 m 4.3 m 4.3 m
Meteor rockets had been launched from Łeba and Ustka. Five Meteor rockets missions were conducted around 1970 from Zingst, in the former Eastern Germany. The programme of flights of Meteor 2 was finished during the same year, when Poland started to participate in Interkosmos research, using the Vertical rockets, which were derived from R 14 missile.
Ракеты "Метеор" запускались с Лёбы и Устки. Около 1970 года пять ракет "Метеор" были запущены из Зингста, в бывшей Восточной Германии. Программа полётов "Метеора-2" была завершена в том же году, когда Польша начала участвовать в исследованиях "Интеркосмос", используя вертикальные ракеты, разработанные на базе ракеты Р-14.
The first launching site of the sounding rockets in Poland was Błędowska Desert, where since 1958 to 1963, the rockets of different types had been launched; among others RD and Rasko. During a flight, the biological experiment with earlier trained two white mouses was conducted (the RM 2D rocket achieved the altitude of 1,580 meters). Since 1965 to April 1970, the Meteor 1 rockets had been launched from "spaceport" located 5 km from Ustka town. This programme had been continued to 1974, when rockets were bearing out from the area of experimental center founded there during the years of the Second World War, located on west side of Łeba town. Currently, it is in the museum (the starting place with ramp and the radar bases). There was 224 flights of "Meteor 1" rocket series (including prototypes). The valuable data both meteorological and connected with rocket techniques were collected and analyzed as the result of these researches. The "Meteor 1", "Meteor 2H" and "Meteor 2K" (the largest civilian rocket developed in Poland) were single stage rockets. The "Meteor 3" was a two stage rocket, developed from "Meteor 1". Meteor 1 Meteor 2H Meteor 2K Meteor 3 maximum altitude 40 km 68 km 100 km 65 km takeoff thrust 14 kN 24 kN 52 kN 14 kN diameter 12 cm 35 cm 35 cm 12 cm length 2.5 m 4.5 m 4.3 m 4.3 m
Meteor rockets had been launched from Łeba and Ustka. Five Meteor rockets missions were conducted around 1970 from Zingst, in the former Eastern Germany. The programme of flights of Meteor 2 was finished during the same year, when Poland started to participate in Interkosmos research, using the Vertical rockets, which were derived from R 14 missile.
Метеор-1
Ракета "Метеор 1", состоящая из одной ступени, имела длину 2470 мм и начальную массу 32,5 кг. Полет длился 80 секунд и достиг пиковой высоты 36,5 км. Двигатель работал 2–3 секунды и достигал максимальной скорости 1100 метров в секунду. В 1965 году было запущено 6 ракет типа "Метеор 1", затем 12 в 1966, 40 в 1967, 45 в 1968, 36 в 1969, 34 в 1970 и 4 в 1971. Ракетами выпускался заряд металлических диполей, который впоследствии наблюдался на экранах радаров. Это послужило основой для определения силы и направления ветров в стратосфере. После экспериментов, проведенных в 1965–1966 годах в период "Года тихого солнца", был сделан вывод о циклической закономерности изменения направлений этих атмосферных потоков.
One stage, but two units rocket called "Meteor 1" had the length of 2,470 mm and the initial mass of 32.5 kg. The flight lasted for 80 second and reaching at the peak altitude of 36.5 km. The motor ignite for 2–3 seconds and reached the maximum velocity of 1,100 meters per second. In 1965, 6 rockets of "Meteor 1" type was launched and after this time: 12 in 1966, 40 in 1967, 45 in 1968, 36 in 1969, 34 in 1970 and 4 in 1971. The charge of metal dipoles was released by rockets and this material had later been observed on radar screens. It was the base of derivation of winds strength in the stratosphere and winds directions in the same atmospheric layer. After experiments that had been conducted in the years 1965–1966, during "The Year of the Quiet Sun", a cyclic pattern of variation in case of directions of these atmospheric flows was concluded.
Метеор-2
Одноступенчатая ракета "Метеор 2К" была самой передовой версией ракеты "Метеор". 7 октября 1970 года состоялся полет, достигший высоты 90 километров. Эта ракета использовалась для зондирования ионосферы, достигая границы между D и E слоями. Было осуществлено еще 10 полетов этой версии, в ходе которых проводились измерения температуры. Длина корпуса ракеты составляет 4,5 метра, а некоторые экземпляры длиннее, чем английская ракета Petrel (поступившая на вооружение в 1968 году). Ракета "Метеор 2" не производилась серийно. Стоимость прототипа этой ракеты была в восемь раз выше, чем стоимость копии "Метеора-1". Масса полезной нагрузки, в виде спускаемого аппарата "RAMZES", составляет 10 кг.
The one stage "Meteor 2K" was the most advanced version of the Meteor rocket. On 7 October 1970, the flight took place and reached the altitude of 90 kilometers. This rocket had been used as sounding of the ionosphere, reaching the level of boundary between D and E layers. 10 more flights of this version were realized, when the measurements of temperature were made. The length of rocket frame is 4.5 meters and some are more longer than an English rocket, Petrel (in service since 1968). The "Meteor 2" had not been produced in serial way. The cost of this rocket prototype was eight times higher than for the copy of "Meteor 1". The weight of useful charge, in form of "RAMZES" recovery probe, is 10 kg.
Метеор-3
Ракета с двумя ступенями, названная "Метеор 3", являлась развитой версией "Метеора 1". Дальность полета была увеличена, и ракета получила возможность запуска нескольких зарядов диполей. Она могла достигать потолочной высоты от 67 до 74 километров. Рассматривалась идея проекта версии "S", однако она так и не была реализована. Эта модель могла запускаться с самолета на высоте около 5 километров над поверхностью.
A two stage rocket called "Meteor 3" was a developed version of "Meteor 1". The range of flight was increased and the rocket gained possibility of launching of few charges of dipoles. It can reach at ceiling altitudes between 67 and 74 kilometers. An idea of version "S" project had been considered, although never realized. This model could be launch from airplane frame, about 5 kilometers above the surface.
Метеор-4
Ракета "Метеор 4" имеет тягу в десять раз больше, чем у "Метеора 2". Эта версия могла достигать высоты более 100 км. По проекту, длина этой ракеты превышает 5 метров, а начальная общая масса составляла 407 кг, при полезной нагрузке 10 кг. Через 175 секунд полета она достигала высоты 120 километров.
"Meteor 4" rocket has ten times more thrust than "Meteor 2". This version could reach above 100 km. According to design, this rocket is longer than 5 meters and had the initial total mass of 407 kg with useful weight of 10 kg. 175 seconds into the flight, it would reach at the altitude of 120 kilometers.