Карагёз и Хадживат: История теневого театра и персонажей фольклора.

Fictional character and shadow puppet

Karagiozis or Karaghiozis ( , Karagöz ) is a shadow puppet and fictional character of Greek folklore, originating in the Turkish shadow play Karagöz and Hacivat. He is the main character of the tales narrated in the Turkish and Greek shadow puppet theatre.

Some believe that it originates from the island of Java where shadow puppet shows (wayang kulit) were played already as early as in the 11th century and arrived in the Ottoman Empire via traders. The first Karagöz–Hacivat play was performed for Sultan Selim I (reigned 1512–1520) in Egypt after his conquest of the country in 1517, but 17th century writer Evliya Çelebi stated that it had been performed in the Ottoman palace as early as the reign of Bayezid I (reigned 1389–1402). In the 16th century, Ottoman Grand Mufti Muhammad Ebussuud el İmadi issued a celebrated opinion allowing the performance of Karagöz plays. Shadow theatre, with a single puppeteer creating voices for a dialogue, narrating a story, and possibly even singing while manipulating puppets, appears to come ultimately from the Indonesian wayang kulit or Chinese pi ying xi Shadow play. The name Karagiozis or Karaghiozis is from Greek Καραγκιόζης, borrowed from Turkish Karagöz 'dark eye'. There are several stories of how shadow theater was established in Asia Minor. Many argue for a Mediterranean origin in the Egyptian shadow puppet tradition. Whatever the case, it is worthwhile to mention that regardless of religious restrictions, shadow theater became more widespread around the 16th century among the Muslim Turks. Originally, his popular appeal was his scatological language and protruding phallus. It is still performed in Turkey, especially during Ramadan celebrations, under the same name. Karagiozis seems to have come to mainland Greece, probably from Asia Minor (Anatolia) at the 19th century, during Ottoman rule. Karagiozis was hellenized in Patras, Greece in the end of 19th century by Dimitrios Sardounis, a. k. a. Mimaros, regarded as the founder of modern Greek shadow theater. The genre became fully integrated, though adapted, amongst the Greek population. But there are several legends as well as studies surrounding Karagiozis's arrival and subsequent popularity in Greece. Some stories say that Greek merchants brought the art from China and others say that it was a Greek who created the "legend" during Ottoman rule for the entertainment of the sultan. Yet others believe that it originated from real events involving two masonry workers named Karagöz and Haci Ivat working in the construction of a mosque in the city of Bursa, Turkey in the early 14th century.

Karagiozis (Καραγκιόζης), is a trickster poor Greek man whose sole interest is sleep and eating. Socially, he is in closer relation to Hadji Ivat (Greek: Hadjiavatis) than any other characters, and often he is informed by him, sometimes they cooperate in business, but sometimes Hadjiavatis is a victim of Karagiozis' tricks. Kollitiria (Κολλητήρια), Karagiozis' three kids. Some versions give their names as (from older and taller to younger and shorter) Kollitiris, Kopritis (aka. Svouras or Skorpios), and Mirigkokos (aka. Birikogos or Pipirogos). Aglaia, (Αγλαΐα) Karagiozis' wife, who is usually unseen but whose characteristically nagging voice is heard to be coming from inside Karagiozis's house. Hadjiavatis (Χατζηαβάτης), (the Turkish counterpart is Hacivat) he is Karagiozis' childhood friend and sidekick, an honest and serious figure but often ends up being wrapped up in Karagiozis' schemes. He has a tendency to flatter the powerful and is sometimes depicted as a compliant person towards the occupying and dominant establishment, contrasting Karagiozis. Barba Giorgos (Μπάρμπα Γιώργος, "Uncle George"), he represents a villager from the mountains of Rumeli, Central Greece, depicted as a shepherd or dairy farmer, usually on some business related to visiting the lowlands; he is sturdily built and wears the traditional fustanella kilted outfit. Even though he understands his nephew (Karagiozis) to be a crook, he sometimes helps him out and beats all the opponents black and blue with his staff. Stavrakas (Σταύρακας), whose puppet is the only one with a long independent arm, like Karagiozis. He represents the "mangas", "bad boy" culture prevalent in Piraeus and the Rebetiko tradition. Although he tries to bully the others, Karagiozis usually teases him. Sior Dionysios (Σιορ Διονύσιος), an Italianate gentleman from Zakynthos pretending to be of noble stock. Faithful to his Ionian Islands origin, he sings cantades and speaks the Ionian Greek dialect with the telltale accent. Morfonios (Μορφονιός, "Handsome"), a vain westernized dandy; however, he is ugly with a huge head with a very large nose; still, he considers himself to be handsome and keeps falling in love. He often exclaims a sound like "whit!" Solomon (Σολομών), a usually rich Jew from Thessaloniki, one of the less known characters, he speaks in his own fashion, sometimes uttering a very fast repeating sound often compared to a Gatling gun, earning him, by Karagiozis, the nickname "heavy arms", despite his frail build. His personality can vary, but usually plays minor roles. Vizier (Βεζύρης), also called Pasha (Πασάς) in some versions, he is the dominant figure of the occupying side and lives in the Saray. He is usually the beginning of each new tale, by announcing trials, deeds, tests etc. to which Karagiozis usually decides to become involved. Fatme (Φατμέ) is the Vizier or Pasha's beautiful daughter playing either obedient or rebellious roles; she has more than one way of causing trouble, sometimes for good purposes, in opposition to her despotic father; or, in mischief, out of dislike for Karagiozis or some other hero. Veligekas (Βελιγκέκας), an Albanian guard of the Saray. He is the executive arm of the Pasha, always on the lookout for Karagiozis and never wastes an opportunity to give him a good beating. Usually, however, he gets beaten by Barba Giorgos. Peponias (Πεπόνιας, "Mellon Belly"), a fat Turkish officer of the Saray, replacing Veligekas in some versions. Some players have further introduced more characters, such as Karagiozis' old father, or Stavrakas' friend, Nondas.

All the figures that represent the characters of the shows are two dimensional and designed always in profile. They were traditionally made from camel skin, carved to allow light through the image, creating details, but are today most often made of cardboard. Traditional puppets gave off black shadows against the white screen, but some more recent puppets have holes covered with colored silk or plastic gel materials to create colored shadows. The torso, waist, feet and sometimes the limbs, were separate pieces that were joined together with pins. Most figures were composed of two parts (torso and legs) with only one joint to the waist. Two characters, the Jew and Morfonios had joints in the neck, and had a flexible head. They were moved with a stick attached to their 'back', except in the case of the figure of Karagiozis, Stavrakas and a few other characters whose arms or other limbs required separate movement. The 'scene' was a vertical white parapet, usually a cloth, called mperntes (from Turk. 'perde', curtain). Between the figures and the player (who was invisible), were candles or lamps that shed light to the figures and made their silhouettes and colours visible to the audience through the cloth.

Conrad, also known as Karaghiosis, the protagonist of Roger Zelazny's And Call Me Conrad (also known as This Immortal), which won the 1966 Hugo Award for Best Novel, is partially inspired by this character. In Greek daily speech, the name Karagiozis is also used as an insult more or less like clown. Puppeteers complain about this, saying that while Karagiozis can be violent, mischievous, a liar, and an anti hero, he is also good natured and faithful, so his name should not be used as an insult. During the 1980s, Greek Television had Karagiozis shows on a weekly basis. These shows had more modern and educational themes, like for example Karagiozis living some myths of Greek mythology or visiting the moon and other planets. Some of these episodes were either live with an audience, or filmed especially for the TV show and contained scenes that required editing or special effects. There have been several recent attempts to make Karagiozis incarnations in comic books. Since the 2000s, Karagiozis is not so popular as a choice of recreation for young kids and the number of puppeteers has diminished, but remains a significant and well known folkloric figure. Today, he is performed mostly in folk feasts or festivals and on national Greek television. There are also occasional tours in the Greek diaspora.