Лавочкин Ла-11: Советский дальний истребитель поршневого типа

Soviet long range piston engined fighter aircraft

The Lavochkin La 11 (NATO reporting name Fang) was an early post World War II Soviet long range piston engined fighter aircraft. The design was essentially that of a Lavochkin La 9 with additional fuel tanks and the deletion of one of the four 23 mm Nudelman Suranov NS 23 cannons. Like the La 9, the La 11 was designed to be a low to medium altitude general purpose fighter, although the additional fuel tanks were added with the intent of employing the La 11 in the escort fighter role. In reality, the La 11 would go on to serve almost exclusively as an interceptor, with the majority of its engagements during the Korean War seeing it pitted against bomber and transport aircraft. While an improvement over earlier aircraft, the La 9 and La 11 retained the poor high altitude performance that was common among many Soviet piston engined airframes, with the La 11 enjoying only a 20 km/h (12 mph) advantage over the Boeing B 29 Superfortress at the latter’s cruising altitude. This relatively poor high altitude performance combined with the arrival of the jet engine led swiftly to the La 11s (and La 9s) in most frontline Soviet Air Force (VVS) units being replaced with early Soviet jets such as the Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 15. While quickly ousted from service with the VVS, the La 9 and 11 would both see service well into the 1950s and 1960s with the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Air Force and the North Korean People’s Army Air and Anti Air Force, with the last La 11s being retired from the former in 1966.

One of the recommendations from the government testing of Lavochkin La 130 (Lavochkin La 9 prototype) was to further develop it into a long range escort fighter. The resultant La 134 prototype (also sometimes referred to as La 9M) featured increased fuel and oil capacity. Armament was reduced to three cannons. The prototype flew in May 1947. The second prototype, La 134D had fuel capacity increased by an additional 275 L (73 US gal) with wing and external fuel tanks. The aircraft was fitted with larger tires to accommodate the increased weight and amenities for long flights such as increased padding in the seat, armrests, and a urinal. In addition, a full radio navigation suite was installed. Not surprisingly, combat performance with a full fuel load suffered. However, as the fuel load approached that of La 9, so did the performance. The aircraft was found to be poorly suited for combat above 7,000 m (23,000 ft). The new fighter, designated La 11 (OKB designation La 140) entered production in 1947. By the end of production in 1951, a total of 1,182 aircraft were built.

The first documented combat use of La 11 took place on April 8, 1950, when four Soviet pilots shot down a United States Navy Consolidated PB4Y 2 Privateer over the Baltic Sea, with all 10 of the Privateer's crew lost. Later the same year, two La 11 pilots shot down a USN Lockheed P2V Neptune over the Sea of Japan near Vladivostok; one USN crew member was killed. From February 1950, the Soviet 106th Fighter Aviation Division moved to Shanghai to defend it against bombing by the ROCAF. The division included the 351st Fighter Regiment, equipped with the La 11. On March 7, the regiment claimed a North American B 25 Mitchell bomber, shot down near Nanjing. On March 14, 1950, a Martin B 26 Marauder bomber was claimed in Xuzhou. On March 20, 1950, five La 11 pilots encountered a group of North American P 51 Mustangs north west of Shanghai, although the P 51 pilots immediately retreated. On April 2, 1950, two P 51s were claimed by La 11 pilots over Shanghai. After that, MiG 15s of the Soviet 29th Fighter Regiment took over the air defence role. The ROCAF stopped bombing Shanghai that June and the Soviet units left in October 1950. By July 1950, La 11s were flying combat air patrol missions over North Korea. On November 30, 1951, 16 La 11 fighter pilots of the 4th Fighter Aviation Regiment, Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) were escorting 9 Tu 2 PVA bombers to bomb the South Korean island of Taehwa do (대화도/大和島), in the Pansong archipelago. They were attacked by more than 30 F 86 fighters of the United States Air Force. While PVAF lost 4 bombers, 15 crew, and 3 La 11s to the USAF, this battle also marked the very first propeller fighter victory over jet fighters for the Chinese and Xu Huaitang received a Battle Award, 1st Class for his victory over Taehwa do Island. The main target of La 11 pilots during the Korean War was the Douglas A 26 Invader night bomber, although numerous skirmishes with P 51s also took place. Attempts to intercept Boeing B 29 Superfortress bombers proved fruitless. An La 11 required 26 minutes to reach the B 29's cruising altitude, and, once there, had a speed advantage of only 20 km/h (12 mph). On July 23, 1954, a Douglas C 54 Skymaster military transport aircraft, registration VR HEU, operated by Cathay Pacific Airways on a civilian passenger flight en route from Bangkok to Hong Kong, was shot down by two La 11 fighters of the 85th Fighter Regiment, People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) off the coast of Hainan Island, killing 10 people in an incident that has become known as the 1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC 4 shootdown. Although the four engined propeller driven Douglas (registered VR HEU) was a C 54 Skymaster, the incident is known as "the DC 4 shootdown" because the C 54 is the military version of the Douglas DC 4, and the aircraft was flying a commercial passenger run. Three days later, near the same location, two La 11s of the same unit were shot down by 2 AD 4 airplanes of the US Navy. During 1954–55, La 11 fighters of the PLAAF took part in the Battle of Yijiangshan Islands escorting the ships of the People's Liberation Army Navy and Tu 2 bombers.