Послание Маймонида йеменским евреям

Letter written by Maimonides
the 19th century letter of the same name
The Epistle to Yemen or Yemen Letter (الرسالة اليمنية, translated as אגרת תימן) was an important communication written by Maimonides and sent to the Yemenite Jews. The epistle was written in 1173/4. The letter was written in Arabic. The need for the epistle arose because of religious persecution and heresy in the 12th century Yemen, marked by a messiah claimant who had arisen there. The man who claimed to be the Jewish messiah began preaching a syncretistic religion that combined Islam and Judaism and claimed that the Bible had foretold his coming as a prophet. Haggai Mazuz believes this unnamed claimant was al Samawal al Maghribi, author of the Confutation of the Jews (افحام اليحود). One of the leaders of the Jewish community in Yemen, Jacob ben Nathanael, the son of the illustrious Natan'el al Fayyumi, had addressed his concerns in a letter which he had sent to Maimonides, who was in Egypt. Jacob had conjectured that perhaps the influences of the stars were responsible for these occurrences, to which conjectures Maimonides replied that Jacob ought to expunge from his heart the vain concept of being able to determine the influences of the constellations, yet counselled him and the Jewish people of Yemen on how they were to act concerning the messiah claimant to be saved from his harmful effects.

The average Jewish population in Yemen for many centuries had been very small. The Jews were scattered throughout the country, but were successful in business and acquired books about the history of their faith. However, contemporary events in Yemen show that, in the last quarter of the 12th century, the Yemeni populace was shaken by a revolt against Saladin as sultan, while Shia Muslims and local Bedouin tribes began to persecute the Jewish faith in the Yemen at that time. The persecution and increasing apostasy led Jacob ben Nathanael to write for counsel to Maimonides. Maimonides' response was written in Arabic and later translated into Hebrew by Nahum Ma'arabi. This letter made a tremendous impression on Yemenite Jewry, and effectively stopped the new religious movement. It also served as a source of strength, consolation, and support for the faith in the continuing persecution. Maimonides interceded with Saladin in Egypt, and shortly thereafter, the persecution came to an end.

Maimonides, in his Epistle to Yemen, heaps lavish praises upon the Jews of Yemen in his day, and uses hyperbolic speech to describe the condition in which he found them. Evidently, Maimonides had knowledge of the Jews of Yemen, and avouched that they maintained a strict adherence to Jewish law and custom, long before his writings became widespread throughout Yemen. In his Epistle to Yemen, Maimonides stresses the state of high learnedness and aptitude of the Jews of Yemen. Unfortunately, the rhyme employed in his verse has been lost in the translation. The Epistle was sent from Egypt to Aden in anno 1173/4 CE.