Лицензирование пилотов и сертификация воздушных судов.

Permits for operating aircraft

Pilot licensing or certification refers to permits for operating aircraft. Flight crew licences are issued by the civil aviation authority of each country, which must establish that the holder has met minimum knowledge and experience before issuing licences. The licence, along with the required class or type rating, allows a pilot to fly aircraft registered in the licence issuing state.

The International Civil Aviation Organization's "Annex 1 – Personnel Licensing" acts as the international minimum standard for licensing. However, states can deviate from these standards by notifying ICAO about the changes. In the United States, pilot certification is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a branch of the U. S. Department of Transportation (DOT). A pilot is certified under the authority of Parts 61 and 141 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, also known as the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). In Canada, licences are issued by Transport Canada. In most European countries, licences are issued by the national civil aviation authority according to a set of common rules established by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), known as Part FCL (Flight Crew Licensing). EASA member states include all European Union member states, as well as the members of the European Free Trade Association, i. e. Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and Iceland, which have been granted participation under Article 129 of the Basic Regulation (Regulation 2018/1139) and are members of the management board without voting rights. In the United Kingdom, aviation is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority. The United Kingdom left the EASA system on 31 December 2020.

Pilot licensing began soon after the invention of powered aircraft in 1903. The Aéro Club de France was founded in 1898 'to encourage aerial locomotion'. The Royal Aero Club followed in 1901 and the Aero Club of America was established in 1905. All three organizations, as well as representatives from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain and Switzerland founded the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) in 1905 as an international governing body for aeronautics. However, certificates or ratings from them were not initially mandatory. The Aéro Club de France began issuing certificates in 1910, although these were awarded retroactively to 7 January 1909. The first certificates were to established pioneers, among them Frenchman Louis Bleriot, Henry and Maurice Farman (UK) and the Wright Brothers (US). The Royal Aero Club in the UK also began the issue of its first certificates in 1910. Among the earliest recipients of the first aviation certificates were: J. T. C. Moore Brabazon, who conducted the first flight by a British pilot in Britain; Charles Stewart Rolls, co founder of Rolls Royce; Claude Grahame White, who flew the first night flight; and Samuel Cody, pioneer of large kite flying. British and French certificates were recognized internationally by the FAI. The Aero Club of America began issuing licenses in 1911, although these were not mandatory, and were more for prestige and show. The first recipients were Glenn Curtiss, Frank Purdy Lahm, Louis Paulhan and the Wright brothers. The requirement for an Aero Club ticket was to ascend in the machine and fly a course of a figure eight at a given height. Individual states sometimes posed a mandate for a license but it wasn't a Federal cause until 1917.

An aircraft category is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization as a "classification of aircraft according to specified basic characteristics". Examples of aircraft categories given by ICAO are aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders, or free balloons. A pilot licensed to fly aircraft in one category may not necessarily fly aircraft in another category, without an additional licence. Categories in the United States are: Pilots must also undergo a solo flight of at least 150 nautical miles, including full stop landings at two aerodromes different from the departure aerodrome. Most private pilot certificates are issued as "private pilot: airplane single engine land," which means the pilot may fly any single engine, land based airplane they are qualified in. A pilot is only qualified in the category and class of aircraft in which they successfully complete their checkride (for example, a pilot who takes a commercial pilot checkride in a multi engine, land based aircraft and passes, may only exercise the privileges of a commercial pilot in multi engine, land based aircraft; the pilot may not exercise the privileges of a commercial pilot in single engine or sea based aircraft without passing the appropriate parts of a checkride in those particular categories of aircraft).

Commercial pilots can be paid to fly an aircraft. To obtain a commercial pilot license in the United States, one must be at least 16 years old with parent permission or 18 years old without parent permission and have a minimum of 250 hours of total flight time (190 hours under the accelerated curriculum defined in Part 141 of the Federal Aviation Regulations). (Age requirements for gliders and balloons are slightly lower.) This includes 100 hours in powered aircraft, 50 hours in airplanes, and 100 hours as pilot in command (of which 50 hours must be cross country flight time). In addition, commercial pilots must hold an instrument rating, or otherwise they would be restricted to flying for hire only in daylight, under visual flight rules (VFR), and within 50 miles of the originating airport.

Airline transport pilots (ATP) must be at least 18 years old and have a minimum of 1,500 hours of flight time, including 500 hours of cross country flight time, 100 hours of night flying, and 75 hours in actual or simulated instrument flight conditions. ATPs must also have a commercial certificate and an instrument rating. ATPs may instruct other pilots in air transportation service in aircraft in which they are rated. ATPs must have a current Class I medical exam (which is more stringent than Class II or Class III), which must be renewed every six months or one year (depending on age). Like all pilots, they must re validate their certificates every 24 months with a flight review but U. S. airlines require training at least once every 12 months, at which time a test is conducted that satisfies this bi annual flight review. After the 2009 crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407, Congress passed legislation, subsequently signed into law, requiring any pilot flying for a Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 121 airline (all United States major airlines and their regional affiliates), that requires three or more pilots to include new hire first officers, must have had at least an "ATP certificate with restricted privileges" license except if you were licensed after July 31, 2013, then you must have an ATP certificate.

The Multi crew Pilot Licence (MPL) is a licence which allows a person to act as co pilot in a Commercial Air Transport operation. It is available in the United Kingdom and EASA states. It does not exist in the United States or Canada. MPL pilots must be at least 18 years old. They must have a minimum of 240 hours of flying training, the majority of which may be in a full motion flight simulator with 40 hours and 12 takeoffs and landings total required in an actual airplane before flying passengers (per JAR FCL 1.120 and 1.125(b)), and 750 hours of classroom theoretical knowledge instruction. The licence is typically achieved in approximately 16–18 months total time from no flight experience to flying for an airline. It was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and the requirements were included in the 10th edition of Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Personnel Licensing), which superseded all previous editions of the Annex on 23 November 2006. The MPL is a significant development as it is based on competency based approach to training professional pilots. It represents the first time in 30 years that ICAO had significantly reviewed the standards for the training of flight crew. The MPL licence is restricted to the specific airline that the training was completed with, until a conversion course is completed. The course is completed in one continuous course with an Approved Training Organisations (ATO) that has an agreement with the airline.

The following country specific licences are issued in addition to the standard ICAO licences. They are rarely recognised outside the issuing country.

In Australia, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) issues the recreational pilot licence (RPL) for flying ultralights. The Recreational Aviation Australia, the governing body for ultralights, issues the RA Aus pilot certificate. The two licences are equivalent and the RA Aus pilot certificate can be converted into an RPL. The RPL is not recognised in other countries.

In addition to the standard ICAO licences, Canada issues the student pilot permit, gyroplane pilot permit, ultra light pilot permit, and the recreational pilot permit.

EASA states issue the light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL), which permits holders to fly light aircraft, helicopters, sailplanes or small balloons.

The United Kingdom issues LAPLs, and the National Private Pilot Licence, which permits holders to fly light aircraft within the United Kingdom.

In the United States, ultralight aircraft, powered parachute, and weight shift control aircraft require no specific training and no certification. To operate small drones commercially, the United States issues the Remote Pilot Certificate.

To fly a specific aircraft, a pilot must have the relevant class rating or type rating. A class rating is defined as "a classification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics": there were 757,000 pilots in the United States in 2022, of which 72,000 were women. 281,000 were student pilots; 164,000 were private pilots; 104,000 were commercial pilots; and 167,000 were air transport pilots. 13,000 were rotorcraft pilots and 21,000 were glider pilots. 125,000 were flight instructors and 321,000 had instrument ratings. There were 304,000 remote pilots. The United States Air Force had 19,100 military pilots in 2020. In the United Kingdom in 2021, there were 9723 holders of the UK Part FCL ATPL(A), of which 484 were women, and 5183 holders of the UK Part FCL CPL(A), of which 339 were women. There were 13197 holders of the UK Part FCL PPL(A), 1945 holders of the UK Part FCL LAPL(A), 9275 holders of the UK PPL(A), and 4729 holders of the UK NPPL(A).