Боевые виды спорта: история и разнообразие.

Competitive contact sport involving combat

A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a contact sport that usually involves one on one combat. In many combat sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent, submitting the opponent with a hold, disabling the opponent (knockout, KO), or attacking the opponent in a specific or designated technique. Combat sports share a long history with the martial arts. Some combat sports (and their national origin) include boxing (Greek British), Brazilian jiu jitsu (Japanese Brazilian), catch wrestling (British American), jujutsu (Japanese), judo (Japanese), freestyle wrestling (British American), Greco Roman wrestling (French), karate (Chinese Okinawan Japanese), kickboxing (numerous origins, mainly Southeast Asian), Lethwei (Burmese), mixed martial arts (numerous origins), Muay Thai (Thai), sambo (Soviet/Russian), sanda (Chinese), savate (French), taekwondo (Korean), Vale Tudo (Brazilian), pankration (Ancient Greek), luta livre (Brazilian), and folk wrestling (various).

Traditional styles of wrestling exist in most cultures; wrestling can be considered a cultural universal. Boxing contests date back to ancient Sumer in the 3rd millennium BCE and ancient Egypt circa 1350 BCE. The ancient Olympic Games included several combat related sports: armored foot races, boxing, wrestling, and pankration, which was introduced in the Olympic Games of 648 BCE. In ancient China, combat sport appeared in the form of lei tai. It was a no holds barred combat sport that combined boxing and wrestling. There is evidence of similar combat sports in ancient Egypt, India and Japan. Through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the tournament was popular. Tournaments were competitions that featured several mock combat events, with jousting as a main event. While the tournament was popular among aristocrats, combat sports were practiced by all levels of society. The German school of late medieval martial arts distinguished sportive combat (schimpf) from serious combat (ernst). In the German Renaissance, sportive combat competitions were known as Fechtschulen, corresponding to the Prize Playing in Tudor England. Out of these Prize Playing events developed the English boxing (or prizefighting) of the 18th century, which evolved into modern boxing with the introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry rules in 1867. Amateur boxing has been part of the modern Olympic Games since their introduction in 1904. Professional boxing became popular in the United States in the 1920s and experienced a "golden age" after World War II. The creation of Brazilian jiu Jitsu is attributed to the Gracie family of Brazil in 1925 after Asian martial arts were introduced to Brazil. Vale tudo, wrestling, Muay Thai kickboxing and luta livre gained popularity. Modern Muay Thai was developed in the 1920s to 1930s. Sambo was introduced in the Soviet Union. Modern Taekwondo also emerged after the Japanese occupation of Korea and became an Olympic sport in 2000. Sanshou as part of modern wushu was developed in the People's Republic of China since the 1950s. Kickboxing and full contact karate were developed in the 1960s and became popular in Japan and the West during the 1980s and 1990s. Modern MMA developed out of the interconnected subcultures of Vale Tudo and shoot wrestling. It was introduced in Japan in the form of Shooto in 1985, and in the United States as Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 1993. The Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts were introduced in 2000, and the sport experienced peak popularity in the 2000s. During this period, multiple brands and promotions were established. The most well known promotion for MMA is UFC.

Combat sports are generally more popular among men as athletes and spectators. For many years, participation in combat sports was practically exclusive to men; USA Boxing had a ban on women's boxing until 1993. A study conducted by Greenwell, Hancock, Simmons, and Thorn in 2015 revealed that combat sports had a largely male audience.

The techniques used can be categorized into three domains: striking, grappling, and weapon usage, with some hybrid rule sets combining striking and grappling. In combat sports the use of these various techniques are highly regulated to minimize permanent or severe physical damage to each participant though means of organized officiating by a single or multiple referees that can distribute penalties or interrupt the actions of the competitors during the competition. In weapon based sports, the weapons used are made to be non lethal by means of modifying the striking portions of the weapon and requiring participants to wear protective clothing/armor.

Amateur boxing (1904–2020): Boxing has been staged at every summer Olympic games since 1904 except Stockholm in 1912 due to Swedish law. Judo (1964, 1972–2020): Judo was not included in the 1968 Mexico City summer Olympics. Women's judo was added to the Olympics in 1992 in Barcelona. Taekwondo (1988 Seoul Games as demonstration sport, 2000–2020): Became an official medal sport at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. Wrestling Greco Roman (1908–2020): The first form of wrestling to be held at the Olympic Games. Wrestling Freestyle (1920–2020): Was modified at the 2000 Sydney Games and reduced the amount of weight categories provided. Pankration and singlestick are two other forms of combat sports that have been included in the Olympics. These combat sports were introduced to the Olympic Games in the early 1900s however singlestick was only represented at the 1904 Olympic games and pankration whilst lasting four centuries in Ancient Greek Olympia's, was not included at all after 1900. Fencing (1896–2020): Competitive fencing is one of the five activities which have been featured in every modern Olympic Games, the other four being athletics, cycling, swimming, and gymnastics. Olympic dueling (1906–1908): Demonstration sport at the 1906 Olympics and 1908 Olympics. Karate (2020): Karate made its Olympic debut for Tokyo 2020 under new IOC rules.