Флажолет: история и разновидности духового инструмента

Woodwind musical instrument

NOTOC

The flageolet is a woodwind instrument and a member of the family of duct flutes that includes recorders and tin whistles. Its invention was erroneously ascribed to the 16th century Sieur Juvigny in 1581. There are two basic forms of the instrument: the French, having four finger holes on the front and two thumb holes on the back; and the English, having six finger holes on the front and sometimes a single thumb hole on the back. The latter was developed by English instrument maker William Bainbridge, resulting in the "improved English flageolet" in 1803. There are also double and triple flageolets, having two or three bodies that allowed for a drone and countermelody. Flageolets were made until the 19th century.

Flageolets have varied greatly during the last 400 years. The first flageolets were called "French flageolets", and have four tone holes on the front and two on the back. This instrument was played by Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Chalon, Samuel Pepys, and Robert Louis Stevenson. Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel both wrote pieces for it. An early collection of manuscript Lessons for the Flajolet, dating from about 1676, is preserved in the British Library. Small versions of this instrument, called bird flageolets, were also made and were used for teaching birds to sing. These tiny flageolets have, like the French flageolet, four finger holes on the front and two thumb holes on the back. The number of keys on French flageolets ranges from none to seven, the exception being the Boehm system French flageolet made by Buffet Crampon which had thirteen keys. The arrangement of the tone holes on the flageolet yields a scale different from that on the whistle or recorder. Whereas the whistle's basic scale is D E F# G A B C# d, the flageolet's basic scale is D E F G A B C d. Cross fingerings and keys are required to fill in the gaps.

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, certain English instrument makers, most notably William Bainbridge, started to make flageolets with six finger holes on the front. These instruments are called "English flageolets" and were eventually produced in metal as tin whistles. The keys number between none and six. Some were produced with changeable top joints which allowed the flageolet to be played as a flute or fife. In 1805 William Bainbridge made a double flageolet out of one piece of wood. In December 1805 his rival Thomas Scott was granted a patent for "an instrument on the flageolette principle, so constructed as a single instrument that two parts of a musical composition can be played thereon at the same time by one person". With the blind organist John Purkis, the Scott & Purkis partnership was formed to manufacture the new instruments, and a tutorial book was published. But Bainbridge continued to improve his model, which gained the most popularity and he was granted a patent in around 1810 for a double flageolet. Bainbridge also produced a triple flageolet which added a third, drone pipe which was fingered in a similar way to an ocarina.

The mouthpiece of the initial French design resembled that of a recorder. A later design placed an elongated windcap around the entrance to the duct and became the standard for the English instrument. The mouthpiece was a flat bit of ivory or bone. The chamber inside the windcap was intended to collect moisture and prevent it from entering the duct, employing differing devices for that purpose. The stream of air passing through the duct crosses the window and is split by the labium (also lip or edge) giving rise to a musical sound. The body (or bodies, in a double or triple flageolet) contains the finger holes and keys. The windcap is not essential to the sound production and the instrument can be played by blowing directly into the duct as in the initial recorder type design. The flageolet was eventually entirely replaced by the tin whistle and is rarely played today. However, it is a very easy instrument to play and the tone is soft and gentle. It has a range of about two octaves.