Введение
Войны в Юго-Восточной Азии с 1945 по 1991 годы
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Во время холодной войны Индокитайские войны представляли собой серию войн, которые велись в Индокитае с 1945 по 1991 год коммунистическими силами (в основном возглавляемыми вьетнамскими коммунистами) против их противников (в основном Империи Вьетнам, вьетнамских националистов, троцкистов, Государства Вьетнам, Республики Вьетнам, французских, американских, лаосских роялистов, камбоджийских и китайских коммунистических сил). Термин "Индокитай" относился к бывшему Французскому Индокитаю, который включал современные государства Вьетнам, Лаос и Камбоджа. В настоящее время он в основном применяется к географическому региону, а не к политической области. Войны включали:
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Первую Индокитайскую войну (называемую Индокитайской войной во Франции и Французской войной во Вьетнаме), которая началась после окончания Второй мировой войны в 1945 году и продолжалась до поражения Франции в 1954 году. После долгой кампании безуспешного сопротивления против французов и японцев, силы Вьетминя одержали победу в Августовской революции после капитуляции японских войск перед союзниками 15 августа 1945 года. В войне во Вьетнаме (1945–1946) британские войска временно оккупировали Юг с целью разоружения японских войск, начиная с 13 сентября 1945 года, лишь для того, чтобы восстановить французский колониальный контроль в 1946 году. Тем временем коммунистический Вьетминь стремился консолидировать власть, терроризируя и уничтожая соперничающие вьетнамские националистические группы и троцкистских активистов. В Организации Объединенных Наций, и через свой союз с Великобританией и Соединенными Штатами, французы потребовали возвращения своей бывшей колонии Индокитай, прежде чем согласиться участвовать в альянсе НАТО (основанном в 1949 году), выступая против советской экспансии за пределы стран Варшавского договора (основанного в 1955 году) в период холодной войны. Коалиция Вьетминя продолжала сражаться с французами при поддержке Китая и Советского Союза, в конечном итоге вынудив поддерживаемую НАТО Францию покинуть Северный Вьетнам в результате Женевской конференции 1954 года.
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Вторая Индокитайская война (называемая в США войной во Вьетнаме и американской войной во Вьетнаме) началась как конфликт между правительством Южного Вьетнама, поддерживаемым Соединенными Штатами, и его противниками – коммунистическим Вьетконгом (Фронтом национального освобождения), базирующимся в Северном Вьетнаме, и Народной армией Вьетнама (PAVN), известной на Западе как Северо-Вьетнамская армия (NVA). Конфликт начался в 1955 году и продолжался до 1975 года, когда Северный Вьетнам завоевал Южный Вьетнам. Соединенные Штаты, которые поддерживали Францию во время первой войны в Индокитае, поддерживали правительство Республики Вьетнам в противостоянии коммунистическому Вьетконгу и ПАВН. Север получал военную и финансовую поддержку от Китая и Советского Союза, членов коммунистического блока. В это время происходили бои также в Камбодже между поддерживаемым США правительством, ПАВН и поддерживаемыми коммунистами Красными Кхмерами (известными как Камбоджийская гражданская война, 1967–1975 гг.), и в Лаосе между поддерживаемым США правительством, ПАВН и поддерживаемыми коммунистами Патет Лао (известными как Лаосская гражданская война или Тайная война, 1959–1975 гг.).
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Третья Индокитайская война была периодом длительного конфликта, последовавшего за Второй Индокитайской войной, в котором велось несколько войн:
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Камбоджийско-вьетнамская война началась, когда Вьетнам вторгся в Камбоджу и сверг геноцидный режим Красных Кхмеров. Война длилась с мая 1975 года по декабрь 1989 года.
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Китайско-вьетнамская война – четырехнедельная война, которая проходила в феврале-марте 1979 года между Китайской Народной Республикой и Социалистической Республикой Вьетнам. Китайцы начали карательную экспедицию в отместку за вьетнамское вторжение в Камбоджу и отступили на довоенные позиции через месяц. Стычки на границе продолжались до ноября 1991 года.
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
После триумфа Патет Лао антикоммунистическое восстание в Лаосе продолжалось до тех пор, пока большинство повстанцев хмонгов не сдались в 2007 году, хотя некоторые ячейки сопротивления оставались активными еще несколько лет после этого.
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Таиланд, который поддерживал лаосских повстанцев, а также антивьетнамские силы в Третьей Индокитайской войне, участвовал в нескольких стычках с Вьетнамом в 1984 году и в коротком конфликте с Лаосом в 1987 году.
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Вооруженное сопротивление ФУЛРО во Вьетнаме – Объединенный фронт за освобождение угнетенных рас.
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Коммунистическая партия Таиланда вела вооруженную борьбу с 1965 по 1989 год. Она получала поддержку от Лаоса и Вьетнама с 1975 по 1979 год, но была изгнана со своих баз и потеряла большую часть своих линий снабжения после того, как встала на сторону сил, связанных с Камбоджей и Китаем, а не на сторону просоветских вьетнамских и лаосских режимов.
During the Cold War, the Indochina Wars were a series of wars which were waged in Indochina from 1945 to 1991, by communist forces (mainly ones led by Vietnamese communists) against the opponents (mainly the Empire of Vietnam, Vietnamese nationalists, Trotskyists, the State of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former French Indochina, which included the current states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces claimed a victory in the August Revolution after Japanese forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–1946), British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of 1954 Geneva Conference. The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States backed South Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the Republic of Vietnam government in opposition to the communist Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Khmer Rouge (known as the Cambodian Civil War, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US backed government, the PAVN, and the communist backed Pathet Lao (known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 1959–1975). The Third Indochina War was a period of prolonged conflict following the Second Indochina War, in which several wars were fought:
The Cambodian–Vietnamese War began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989. The Sino Vietnamese War was a four week war fought in February–March 1979 between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Chinese launched a punitive expedition in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions. Skirmishes along the border would continue until November 1991. After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti communist insurgency in Laos lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984, and a short conflict with Laos in 1987. FULRO insurgency in Vietnam – United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The Communist Party of Thailand fought an insurgency from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian regimes.
Французский Индокитай
Французская колонизация и оккупация Вьетнама были результатом светского империализма, обусловленного экономическими интересами и стратегическими соображениями. Помимо эксплуатации ресурсов Вьетнама, французы рассматривали регион как стратегический буфер для облегчения доступа к ресурсам Китая. Однако Франция использовала предлог защиты христиан, преследуемых династией Нгуен, в качестве оправдания для вторжения во Вьетнам. Если Джа Лонг проявлял терпимость к католицизму, то его преемники Мин Манг и Тхью Три были ортодоксальными, фундаменталистскими конфуцианцами, восхищавшимися древней китайской культурой. Они запрещали прозелитизм католиков и сопротивлялись попыткам европейских и американских держав установить колониальные торговые посты, которые Франция стремилась навязать. Колониальные державы расценили это как "провокацию". Изоляционистская и шовинистская политика привела к отказу вьетнамцев от промышленной модернизации, что лишило их возможности противостоять военной мощи французского вторжения. В августе 1858 года Наполеон III отдал приказ о высадке французских войск в Туране (современный Дананг), положив начало колониальной оккупации, которая продлилась почти столетие. К 1884 году Франция установила полный контроль над страной, которая стала крупнейшей частью Французского Индокитая. Вьетнамскому народу потребовалось почти столетие, чтобы полностью изгнать колониальное влияние из своей страны.
Индокитай во время Второй мировой войны
Непрерывная нить местного сопротивления началась с Хам Нги, затем перешла к Фан Динь Фунгу, Фан Бой Чау и, наконец, к Хо Ши Мину, который вернулся во Вьетнам из Франции и помог создать коалицию за национальную независимость Вьетминь в 1941 году. Являясь одним из основателей Коммунистической партии Франции, Хо Ши Мин принизил значение своих коммунистических связей и распустил Коммунистическую партию Индокитая, чтобы добиться объединения страны. Когда в 1945 году во Вьетнаме разразился голод, унесший жизни 2 миллионов человек, после того как французская и японская колониальная администрация продолжала экспортировать продовольствие во Францию в условиях послевоенной экономики, Вьетминь организовал масштабную помощь, укрепив народную поддержку своего националистического движения. Хо Ши Мин был избран премьер-министром Вьетмина в 1945 году. С окончанием Второй мировой войны Августовская революция изгнала японскую колониальную армию и передала контроль над страной Вьетминю. Японцы капитулировали перед китайскими националистами в Северном Вьетнаме. Император Бао Дай отрекся от власти в пользу Вьетмина 25 августа 1945 года. В качестве популярного шага Хо Ши Мин назначил Бао Дая «верховным советником» правительства Вьетмина в Ханое, которое 2 сентября провозгласило свою независимость как Демократическая Республика Вьетнам (ДРВ) и опубликовало Декларацию независимости Демократической Республики Вьетнам. В 1946 году Вьетнам принял свою первую конституцию. В 1948 году Франция попыталась восстановить свой колониальный контроль над Вьетнамом. В Южном Вьетнаме японцы капитулировали перед британскими войсками, которые поддерживали «Свободную Францию» в борьбе с Вьетминем, а также вооруженные религиозные секты Цао Дай и Хоа Хао и организованную преступную группировку Бинь Сюань. Французы вновь назначили Бао Дая главой государства Вьетнама, который теперь включал центральный и южный Вьетнам. Последовавшая война между контролируемым Францией Югом и независимым, связанным с коммунистами, Севером известна как Первая Индокитайская война. Она завершилась сокрушительным поражением французских колониальных войск (Troupes coloniales) от Народной армии Вьетнама в Диенбьенфу.
Первая Индокитайская война
В Первой Индокитайской войне Вьетминь, при поддержке Китайской Народной Республики и Советского Союза, воевал за обретение независимости от Франции, которую изначально поддерживали оставшиеся войска Японской армии после её капитуляции перед Великобританией, Государство Вьетнам, а позднее – Соединенные Штаты в контексте Холодной войны. Эта война за независимость продолжалась с декабря 1946 года по июль 1954 года, и основное сражение велось в окрестностях Ханоя. Она завершилась поражением французов в битве при Дьенбьенфу и выводом французских войск из Вьетнама после Женевских соглашений.
Вторая Индокитайская война
Вторая Индокитайская война, общеизвестная как Вьетнамская война, представляла собой противостояние недавно одержавшей успех коммунистической Народной армии Вьетнама (VPA или PAVN, также известной как Северо-Вьетнамская армия или NVA) и Национального фронта освобождения Вьетнама (вьетнамские партизаны NLF, союзники PAVN, известные в Америке как Вьетконг, что означает «коммунисты-предатели Вьетнама») против войск Соединенных Штатов и поддерживаемого ими правительства Южного Вьетнама ARVN (солдаты Республики Вьетнам). В ходе войны северовьетнамцы осуществляли транспортировку большей части своих снабжений по тропе Хо Ши Мина (известной вьетнамцам как тропа Труонг Сон, в честь гор Труонг Сон), которая проходила через Лаос и Камбоджу. В результате, приграничные с Вьетнамом районы этих стран стали ареной ожесточенных боевых действий. Для Соединенных Штатов политические и военные цели были расплывчатыми: успех и прогресс не имели четких определений, а наряду с большими потерями Вьетнамская война поднимала моральные вопросы, что делало ее все более непопулярной внутри страны. Американские репортажи о наступлении Тет в 1968 году, особенно от CBS, были негативными в отношении отсутствия прогресса в прекращении войны. Хотя наступление Тет в 1968 году завершилось военной победой Южного Вьетнама и Соединенных Штатов, практически полностью уничтожив боеспособность сил НФЛ, его интенсивность, а также противоречие с недавними сообщениями об отводе американских войск и текущем положении дел на войне, сделали его поворотным моментом в росте оппозиции американских избирателей поддержке США их вьетнамских союзников в период Холодной войны. Битва за Кхе Сань, продолжавшаяся 77 дней, произошла в этот период и стала одной из крупнейших отдельных битв на тот момент. Соединенные Штаты начали вывод войск из Вьетнама в 1970 году, а последние войска вернулись в январе 1973 года. Парижские мирные соглашения предусматривали прекращение огня и запрещали северовьетнамцам направлять дополнительные войска в Южный Вьетнам, хотя им было разрешено продолжать оккупировать те регионы Южного Вьетнама, которые они захватили в Пасхальном наступлении 1972 года. Северовьетнамцы не намеревались соблюдать соглашение. Боевые действия продолжались эпизодически в 1973 и 1974 годах, в то время как северовьетнамцы планировали крупное наступление, предварительно намеченное на 1976 год. Северо-Вьетнамская армия в Южном Вьетнаме понесла тяжелые потери во время Пасхального наступления в 1973 году, и предполагалось, что для восстановления своей логистической мощи потребуется до 1976 года. Вывод войск оказал катастрофическое воздействие на армию Южного Вьетнама (ARVN). Вскоре после Парижских мирных соглашений Конгресс Соединенных Штатов значительно сократил военную помощь Южному Вьетнаму. ARVN, обученная американскими войсками использовать американскую тактику, быстро пришла в упадок. Хотя она оставалась эффективной боевой силой в течение 1973 и 1974 годов, к январю 1975 года она фактически распалась. Северовьетнамцы поспешно атаковали сильно ослабленный Юг и встретили незначительное сопротивление. 30 апреля 1975 года PAVN захватила Сайгон, столицу Южного Вьетнама, и Вторая Индокитайская война завершилась. Боевые действия между Северным и Южным Вьетнамом после вывода войск Соединенных Штатов иногда называют Третьей Индокитайской войной; однако этот термин обычно относится к более позднему конфликту 1979 года (см. ниже).
Третья Индокитайская война
Третья индокитайская война, обычно известная как Камбоджийско-вьетнамская война, началась 1 мая 1975 года, когда Кампучийская революционная армия вторглась на вьетнамский остров Фукуок. Вьетнамские войска быстро перешли в контратаку, восстановив свою территорию и вторглись на кампучийский остров Ко Вай. В августе 1975 года Вьетнам вернул остров Ко Вай Кампучии, и оба правительства начали делать заявления о мире, но за кулисами напряжение нарастало. 30 апреля 1977 года Кампучия начала атаковать вьетнамские деревни. В сентябре шесть дивизий пересекли границу, продвинувшись на 10 километров в провинцию Тайнинь. Возмущенные масштабами атак, Вьетнамская народная армия собрала восемь дивизий для нанесения ответного удара по Кампучии. В декабре, в попытке заставить правительство Кампучи пойти на переговоры, вьетнамские войска вторглись в Кампучию, легко разгромив кампучийскую армию. 6 января 1978 года вьетнамские войска находились всего в 38 километрах от Пномпеня; однако правительство Кампучи оставалось непоколебимым, и вьетнамское руководство осознало, что не сможет достичь своей политической цели и решило вывести свои войска. Когда кампучийские силы вскоре возобновили атаки через границу, вьетнамцы предприняли еще одну ограниченную контратаку в июне, вынудив кампучийцев отступить. Вьетнамцы снова отступили, а кампучийцы возобновили свои атаки. Вьетнамцам этого было достаточно; в декабре 1978 года Вьетнам начал полномасштабное вторжение. Пномпень был захвачен в январе 1979 года, правящие Красные Кхмеры были свергнуты, и было установлено провьетнамское правительство. В 1984 году Вьетнам представил план вывода своей армии из Кампучии. В 1988 году правительство Вьетнама начало серьезный вывод войск; последние солдаты покинули страну в сентябре 1989 года. Третья Индокитайская война также относится к китайско-вьетнамской войне, которая велась в феврале-марте 1979 года между Китайской Народной Республикой и Социалистической Республикой Вьетнам. Вскоре после вьетнамского вторжения в Камбоджу Китайская Народная Республика, являвшаяся политическим союзником Красных Кхмеров, начала карательное вторжение во Вьетнам. Бои были короткими, но ожесточенными. Китайцы продвинулись примерно на сорок километров во Вьетнам, заняв город Лангсон 6 марта. Там они заявили, что ворота в Ханой открыты, объявили о выполнении своей карательной миссии и отступили. 23 октября 1991 года Камбоджийско-вьетнамская война была официально объявлена завершенной в результате переговоров и подписания Парижских мирных соглашений 1991 года.