Введение
Пуларский язык (на адламе: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, на аджами: ݒُلَارْ) — язык фула, на котором в основном говорят как на родном языке народы фула и тукулер в долине реки Сенегал, традиционно известной как Фута-Торо, а также южнее и восточнее. На пуларском языке говорят в Сенегале, Мавритании, Гамбии и западном Мали. Два основных народа, говорящих на пуларском языке, — это тукулеры и фульбе (также известные как фулани или пеуль). Пуларский язык является одним из национальных языков Сенегала наряду с 13 другими. Диалекты пуларского языка, а также другие западноафриканские языки, обычно упоминаются под общим термином «фула». Однако сам пуларский язык обычно не называется «фула». Согласно «Этнологу», существует несколько диалектных разновидностей, но все они взаимопонятны. Пуларский язык не следует путать с пуларом, другой разновидностью фула, на котором говорят в Гвинее (включая регион Фута-Джаллон). Разновидности пуларского и пулара в некоторой степени взаимопонятны. В настоящее время пуларский язык в основном пишется латинским алфавитом. Исторически, на протяжении веков, пуларский язык имел литературную традицию, основанную на арабском алфавите, орфографическую традицию, известную как «аджами». В последнее время алфавит адлам для пуларского языка также набирает популярность (см. алфавиты фула). Слово «пулар» переводится как «язык фульбе», поскольку корень /pul/ является единственным числом от «фульбе», а суффикс /aar/ означает «язык». Считается, что язык сформировался в Фута-Торо, когда предки народа тукулер начали говорить на языке фульбе. Затем возник термин «хаальпулаарен» (что означает «говорящие на языке пулар»), который стал применяться к не-фульбе, говорящим на языке фула, среди которых народ тукулер составляет самую большую демографическую группу. В таблице ниже представлены некоторые классы существительных в пуларском языке и то, что класс указывает на содержание существительного:
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Другие языки, использующие эту систему в Западной Африке, включают пулар, волоф, серер-сине и восточный лимба. Эти языки с пятиричной десятичной системой счисления можно найти в западноафриканских регионах Сьерра-Леоне, Гвинеи и Гамбии. Алломорфы t, ut и it используются для обозначения завершенности действия глаголом с добавлением интенсивности. Например, yana (означает «падать») становится yan t a (означает «падать сильно»). Следовательно, на пуларский язык оказал влияние ислам. Это влияние привело к интеграции арабских слов в пуларский язык. Народ фульбе известен как полукочевая пастушья группа с историей разведения скота, что оправдывает класс существительных, обозначающий крупный рогатый скот. Однако исторически, как и другие коренные языки региона, такие как язык волоф, его первой системой письма была адаптация арабского письма. Арабский шрифт используется и сегодня, хотя и в меньшем масштабе, и в основном ограничен учителями и учениками исламских школ. Арабский шрифт пуларского языка был установлен правительством в период с 1985 по 1990 год, хотя и не был принят указом, поскольку усилия сенегальского министерства образования должны были стать частью многонациональной инициативы по стандартизации.
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Пуларский латинский алфавит:
A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Пуларский алфавит аджами:
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Все люди рождаются свободными и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. Они наделены разумом и совестью и должны относиться друг к другу в духе братства.
Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu.
اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
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|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Упадок
Пуларский язык – язык, находящийся в упадке в Западной Африке, в то время как окружающие его языки нигеро-конголезской группы, такие как волоф, наоборот, увеличивают число носителей. Исследование, проведённое в 1987–1988 годах в двуязычных общинах Северного Сенегала, показало, что использование пуларского языка сокращается среди молодого поколения. Пулар вытесняется волофом и заимствованиями из французского языка. Численность моридов составляет 3,5 миллиона человек в Сенегале (население Сенегала составляет около 16 миллионов). Фиона Маклафлин утверждает, что экономическая и культурная гегемония волофов достигается за счёт пуларского языка. Она отмечает, что люди в Сенегале называют себя волофами, даже не являясь этническими волофами, поскольку это единственный язык, который они знают. Одним из наиболее заметных примеров этого является то, что правительство Мавритании в 1965 году официально приняло закон, сделавший преподавание арабского языка обязательным в начальной и средней школе.
Усилия по возрождению языка
Ассоциация по возрождению пуларского языка в Исламской Республике Мавритании (ARP RIM) была создана для обучения грамотности на пуларском языке в Мавритании. Организация получила увеличение государственного финансирования после государственного переворота, свергнувшего тогдашнего президента Мавритании Моктара Ульда Дадда в конце 1970-х годов. Программы, в которых участвовала ARP RIM, включали кампании по повышению грамотности на пуларском языке, что осуществлялось путем создания большего количества радиопрограмм, обучающих местным языкам Мавритании. В ответ на государственный переворот в 1986 году был опубликован «Манифест угнетенных чернокожих мавританцев», в котором критиковалась предполагаемая власть и влияние арабского «меньшинства» в Мавритании. После публикации этого манифеста усилились репрессии правительства против носителей пуларского языка и учителей пуларского языка.