Кіріспе
Фула тілі, фула және туколер халықтарының тілі
Fula language spoken by Fula and Tukolor peoples
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Пулаар (адлам: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, аджами: ݒُلَارْ) – фула тілі, негізінен Сенегал өзені аймағындағы фула және туколер халықтарының ана тілі. Бұл аймақ дәстүрлі түрде Фута-Тооро деп белгілі, сондай-ақ оңтүстік және шығысқа қарай да таралған. Пулаар тілінде сөйлейтін халық, Хаалпулаар'ендер Сенегал, Мавритания, Гамбия және Малидің батыс бөлігінде қоныстанған. Пулаар тілінде сөйлейтін екі негізгі топ – туколерлер және фулбэ (фулани немесе пеул деп те аталады). Пулаар Сенегалдың 13 мемлекеттік тілінің бірі. Пулаар диалектілері, сондай-ақ Батыс Африканың басқа тілдері көбінесе «фула» деген жалпы атаумен аталады. Дегенмен, пулаар тілі әдетте «фула» деп аталмайды. Этнолог мәліметінше, бірнеше диалектілік нұсқалары бар, бірақ олардың барлығы өзара түсінікті. Пулаарды Гвинеяда (Фута-Джаллон аймағын қоса алғанда) қолданылатын пулар тілінен ажырату керек. Пулаар мен пулар тілдерінің нұсқалары белгілі бір деңгейде өзара түсінікті. Қазіргі уақытта пулаар тілі негізінен латын әліпбиімен жазылады. Тарихи тұрғыдан алғанда, ғасырлар бойы пулаарда араб әліпбиіне негізделген әдеби дәстүр болған, бұл орфографиялық дәстүр қазір «аджами» деп аталады. Соңғы кезде пулаар тілі үшін адлам әліпбиі де кеңінен қолданылуда (Фула әліпбиін қараңыз). «Пулаар» сөзі «фулбэ тілі» деп аударылады, себебі /pul/ түбірі – фулбэ сөзінің жекеше түрі, ал /aar/ жұрнағы – «тіл» дегенді білдіреді. Бұл тілдің Фута-Тоорода, туколер халқының ата-бабалары фулбэ тілінде сөйлей бастаған кезде пайда болған деп есептеледі. Содан кейін «Хаалпулаар'ен» термині (Пулаар тілінде сөйлейтіндер) фулбэ тілінде сөйлейтін емес, оның ішінде туколер халқының ең ірі демографиялық тобына қолданыла бастады. Төмендегі кестеде пулаар тіліндегі зат есімдер кластары мен олардың мазмұны көрсетілген:
Fula language spoken by Fula and Tukolor peoples
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
| Зат есімдер кластарының мысалдары |
|---|
| Батыс Африкада осы жүйені қолданатын басқа тілдерге пулар, волоф, серер сине және шығыс лимба тілдері жатады. Осы бесіктік ондық санау тілдері Батыс Африканың Сьерра-Леоне, Гвинея және Гамбия аймақтарында кездеседі. |
| t, ut және it алломорфтары етістіктің қарқындылықпен аяқталғанын көрсету үшін қолданылады. Мысалы, yana (мағынасы «құлау») yana t a (мағынасы «қатты құлау») болады. |
| Сондықтан пулаар тіліне ислам дінінің әсері бар. Бұл әсер араб сөздерінің пулаар тіліне енуіне әкелді. |
| Фулбэ халқы жартылай көшпелі малшылар тобы ретінде танымал, олардың ірі қара мал шаруашылығының тарихы бар, бұл ірі қара малдың зат есімдер класын негіздеуге мүмкіндік береді. |
| Алайда, тарихи тұрғыдан алғанда, бұл аймақтың басқа да жергілікті тілдері сияқты, мысалы, волоф тілі, оның алғашқы жазу жүйесі араб жазуының бейімделуі болды. |
| Араб жазуы бүгінде де қолданылады, бірақ көлемі шектеулі, негізінен ислам мектептерінің мұғалімдері мен оқушылары қолданады. |
| Пулаардың араб негізіндегі жазуын 1985 және 1990 жылдар аралығында үкімет бекітті, бірақ ешқашан жарлық ретінде қабылданбады, себебі Сенегал білім министрлігінің күш-жігері көпұлттық стандарттау жұмысының бір бөлігі болды. |
Fula language spoken by Fula and Tukolor peoples
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
+ Пулаар латын әліпбиі
Fula language spoken by Fula and Tukolor peoples
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
Fula language spoken by Fula and Tukolor peoples
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
+ Пулаар аджами әліпбиі
Fula language spoken by Fula and Tukolor peoples
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
| Латын әліпбиі | Аджами (араб) әліпбиі |
|---|---|
| Барлық адам баласы бостандықта және қадір-қасиеттері мен құқықтары жағынан тең болып дүниеге келеді. | Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. |
| Олар ақыл-ой мен ар-ұжданға ие және бір-біріне бауырластық рухпен қарауы керек. | Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. |
| اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ. |
Fula language spoken by Fula and Tukolor peoples
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Pulaar (in Adlam: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, in Ajami: ݒُلَارْ ) is a Fula language spoken primarily as a first language by the Fula and Toucouleur peoples in the Senegal River valley area traditionally known as Futa Tooro and further south and east. Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en live in Senegal, Mauritania, the Gambia, and western Mali. The two main speakers of Pulaar are the Toucouleur people and the Fulɓe (also known as Fulani or Peul). Pulaar is one of the national languages of Senegal alongside 13 others. The Pulaar dialects, as well as other West African languages, are usually referenced under the umbrella term ‘Fula’. Pulaar as a language, however, is not usually referenced as ‘Fula’. According to Ethnologue there are several dialectal varieties, but all are mutually intelligible. Pulaar is not to be confused with Pular, another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea (including the Fouta Djallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fula are to some extent mutually intelligible. Pulaar is currently written in primarily in the Latin script. Historically, for centuries, Pulaar has a literary tradition based on the Arabic script, an orthographic tradition now known as "Ajami". More recently, Adlam script for Pulaar has been gaining ground as well (see Fula alphabets). The word Pulaar translates to 'the language of the Fulɓe' as the stem /pul/ is the singular form of Fulɓe and the suffix / aar/ means language. The language is believed to have formed in Fuuta Tooro when the ancestors of the Toucouleur people began speaking the language of the Fulɓe. It is then believed that the term Haalpulaar'en (which means 'speakers of the language of Pulaar') was created to apply to non Fulɓe speakers of Fulɓe, of which the Toucouleur people are the largest demographic. The table below shows some of the noun classes in Pulaar and what the class indicates the content of the noun to be:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples of noun classes Other languages that use this system in West Africa include Pular, Wolof, Sereer Sine and East Limba. These quinary decimal counting languages can be found in the west African regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Gambia. The allomorphs t, ut and it are used to show that a verb is completed with intensity. For example, yana (meaning ‘fall’) becomes yan t a (meaning ‘fall heavily’). Therefore, the Pulaar language has influences from Islam. This influence has led to Arabic words being integrated into the Pulaar language. The Fulɓe people are known for being a semi nomadic pastoralist group who have a history of cattle herding, justifying the bovine noun class. However, historically, similar to other indigenous languages of the region, such as Wolof language, its first writing system was the adaption of the Arabic Script. The Arabic script is used today as well, albeit in a smaller scale, and only mostly limited to Islamic school teachers and students. The Arabic based script of Pulaar was set by the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted by a decree, as the effort by the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi national standardization effort. + Pulaar Latin alphabet A a Aa aa B b Mb mb Ɓ ɓ C c D d Nd nd Ɗ ɗ E e Ee ee F f G g Ng ng H h I i Ii ii J j Nj nj ~ ~ ~ K k L l M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ O o Oo oo P p R r S s T t U u Uu uu W w X x Y y Ƴ ƴ ’
{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Pulaar Ajami alphabet
Translation Latin Script Ajami (Arabic) Script All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Innama aadeeji fof poti, ndimɗidi e jibinannde to bannge hakkeeji. Eɓe ngoodi miijo e hakkilantaagal ete eɓe poti huufo ndirde e nder ɓ iynguyummaagu. اِنَّمَ آدࣹجِ فࣷفْ ݒࣷتِ، ندِمْطِدِ اࣹ جِبِنَندّࣹ تࣷ بَنگّࣹ حَقّࣹجِ. اࣹࢠࣹ نگࣷودِ مِيجࣷ اࣹ حَقِّلَنْتَاگَلْ اࣹتࣹ اࣹࢠࣹ ݒࣷتِ هُوفࣷ ندِرْدࣹ اࣹ ندࣹرْ ࢠْ اِيْنگُيُمَّاگُ.
Құлдырау
Пулар тілі Батыс Африкада қарқынды түрде дамып бара жатқан тіл емес, ал оның орнына Нигер-Конго тілдері, мысалы, волоф тілінде сөйлейтіндердің саны артып келеді. 1987-1988 жылдар аралығында Сенегалдың солтүстігіндегі екі тілді қауымдастықтарды зерттеу көрсетті, пулар тілінің жас буын арасында қолданылуы төмендеп бара жатыр. Пулар тілі волоф және француз тілінен алынған сөздермен ығыстырылуда. Сенегалдағы морид халқының саны 3,5 миллион адамды құрайды (Сенегал халқының саны шамамен 16 миллион). Фиона Маклафлиннің пікірінше, волофтардың экономикалық және мәдени гегемониясы пулар тілінің есебінен жүзеге асуда. Ол Сенегалдегі адамдар, тіл білу жағынан волоф емес болса да, өздерін волоф деп атайтынын, себебі олардың үйренген жалғыз тілі – волоф тілі екенін айтады. Бұған ең айқын мысал – 1965 жылы Мавритания үкіметінің бастауыш және орта білім беруде араб тілін міндетті оқытуға енгізетін заң қабылдауы.
The Pulaar language is a declining language in West Africa, the surrounding Niger Congo languages, such as Wolof, are increasing in speakers instead. A 1987 1988 study of bilingual North Senegalese communities found that the use of Pulaar was decreasing in the younger generation. Pulaar was being replaced by Wolof and French loan words. The Mouride population constitutes 3 5 million people in Senegal (the population of Senegal is around 16 million). Fiona McLaughlin argues that this economic and cultural hegemony that the Wolof have is at the expense of the Pulaar language. She states that people in Senegal will call themselves Wolof, despite not being ethnically Wolof, because it is the only language that they learned. One of the more notable examples of this is when the Mauritanian government officially passed a law in 1965 that made it mandatory to teach Arabic during primary and secondary education.
Тілді қайта жаңғыртуға бағытталған күш-жігер
Мавритания Ислам Республикасындағы Пулар тілін жаңғырту қауымдастығы (ARP RIM) Мавританияда пулар тілінде сауаттылықты оқыту мақсатымен құрылды. 1970 жылдардың соңында Мавританияның сол кездегі президенті Моктар Ульд Даддаға жасалған төңкерістен кейін ұйым үкіметтен қаржыландыру көлемін арттырды. ARP RIM қатысқан бағдарламалардың ішінде пулар тілінде сауаттылықты арттауға бағытталған науқандар бар еді, бұл Мавританияның жергілікті тілдерін оқытатын радио бағдарламаларын жасау арқылы іске асырылды. Төңкеріске жауап ретінде 1986 жылы Мавританиядағы араб "азшылығының" күші мен ықпалын сынаған "Қысымға ұшыраған қара мавританиялықтардың манифесті" жарияланды. Осы манифест жарияланғаннан кейін пулар тілінде сөйлейтін адамдар мен оның оқытушыларына қарсы үкімет тарапынан қысым күшейді. Пулар тілінде.
The Association pour la Renaissance du Pulaar Republique Islamique de Mauritanie (ARP RIM) was established to teach Pulaar literacy in Mauritania. The organization received increased government funding after the coup d'état of the then President of Mauritania, Moktar Ould Daddah in the late 1970s. The programs which the ARP RIM participated in included campaigns to increase Pulaar literacy, this was done by creating more radio programs which taught the local languages of Mauritania. In response to the coup d'état, the Manifesto of the Oppressed Black Mauritanian was published in 1986 which criticized the perceived power and influence of the Arab "minority" in Mauritania. After the publishing of this manifesto, crackdowns by the Government against Pulaar speaker and teachers increased. in Pulaar.