Введение
Тамильское название Шри-Ланки
the Tamil name for Sri Lanka
Eelam (, īḻam, , also spelled Eezham, Ilam or Izham in English) is the native Tamil name for the South Asian island now known as Sri Lanka. Eelam is also the Tamil name for the spurge (a plant), toddy (an intoxicant) and gold. The exact etymology and the original meaning of the word are not clearly known, and there are number of conflicting theories. The Retroflex approximant ḻ in īḻam is a characteristic phoneme for Dravidian languages, now only retained in the closely related languages Tamil and Malayalam. Conventionally it has been represented in the Latin script with the digraph zh. The inscription reads,
Blockquote|: erukatur eelakutumpikan polalaiyan "Polalaiyan, (resident of) Erukatur, the husbandman (householder) from Eelam." The Tamil inscriptions from the Pallava and Chola period dating from 9th century CE link the word with toddy, toddy tapper's quarters (Eelat cheri), tax on toddy tapping (Eelap poodchi), a class of toddy tappers (Eelath chanran). Eelavar is a caste of toddy tappers found in the southern parts of Kerala. Since the 1980s the words Eelam and Eelavar have been taken up by the Tamil separatist movements. Eelavar now refers to the citizens of the proposed Tamil Eelam, which would have taken up the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan historian Karthigesu Indrapala in his thesis released in 1965 suggested that the people from whose named Eelam is derived were Sinhalese. The earliest occurrence of the name Eelam is in the Brahmi inscriptions of South India in which it occurs as Ila (Eela), the Prakrit form of the Eelam. The Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, which was jointly edited by Thomas Burrow and Murray Emeneau, marks the Indo Aryan etymology with a question mark. Karthigesu Indrapala updated his theory in 2005 and claims that Eela, the stem of Eelam, is attested in Sri Lanka for centuries before the common era as a name of an ethnic group, and eventually it came to be applied to the island as Eelam. He also believes that the name of the island was applied to the popular coconut tree or vice versa in Tamil. He believes the early native names for the present Sinhalese ethnic group, such as Hela, are derivations of Eela, which was Prakritized as Sihala and eventually Sanskritized as Simhala in the 5th century CE. Blockquote|Eela(Ila)>Hela>Sihala>Simhala. Another theory based on archeological evidence suggests the word is a Tamil word which originated from South India. Also the Tamil meaning of "Eelam" is postulated to be homeland. The Tamil lexicons (நிகண்டு), Thivaakaram, Pingkalam and Choodaama'ni, dating from c. 8th century CE, equate the word Eezham with Chingka'lam (the Sinhala country).
Илам (īḻam, также написанное как Eezham, Ilam или Izham на английском языке) – это исконное тамильское название южноазиатского острова, ныне известного как Шри-Ланка. Илам также является тамильским названием для молочая (растения), пальмового вина (тодди, опьяняющего напитка) и золота. Точная этимология и первоначальное значение слова не установлены однозначно, и существует множество противоречивых теорий. Ретрофлексный аппроксимант ḻ в īḻam является характерной фонемой для дравидийских языков, сохранившейся в настоящее время лишь в близкородственных тамильском и малаяламском языках. Обычно он обозначается в латинском алфавите диграфом zh. Надпись гласит:
the Tamil name for Sri Lanka
Eelam (, īḻam, , also spelled Eezham, Ilam or Izham in English) is the native Tamil name for the South Asian island now known as Sri Lanka. Eelam is also the Tamil name for the spurge (a plant), toddy (an intoxicant) and gold. The exact etymology and the original meaning of the word are not clearly known, and there are number of conflicting theories. The Retroflex approximant ḻ in īḻam is a characteristic phoneme for Dravidian languages, now only retained in the closely related languages Tamil and Malayalam. Conventionally it has been represented in the Latin script with the digraph zh. The inscription reads,
Blockquote|: erukatur eelakutumpikan polalaiyan "Polalaiyan, (resident of) Erukatur, the husbandman (householder) from Eelam." The Tamil inscriptions from the Pallava and Chola period dating from 9th century CE link the word with toddy, toddy tapper's quarters (Eelat cheri), tax on toddy tapping (Eelap poodchi), a class of toddy tappers (Eelath chanran). Eelavar is a caste of toddy tappers found in the southern parts of Kerala. Since the 1980s the words Eelam and Eelavar have been taken up by the Tamil separatist movements. Eelavar now refers to the citizens of the proposed Tamil Eelam, which would have taken up the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan historian Karthigesu Indrapala in his thesis released in 1965 suggested that the people from whose named Eelam is derived were Sinhalese. The earliest occurrence of the name Eelam is in the Brahmi inscriptions of South India in which it occurs as Ila (Eela), the Prakrit form of the Eelam. The Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, which was jointly edited by Thomas Burrow and Murray Emeneau, marks the Indo Aryan etymology with a question mark. Karthigesu Indrapala updated his theory in 2005 and claims that Eela, the stem of Eelam, is attested in Sri Lanka for centuries before the common era as a name of an ethnic group, and eventually it came to be applied to the island as Eelam. He also believes that the name of the island was applied to the popular coconut tree or vice versa in Tamil. He believes the early native names for the present Sinhalese ethnic group, such as Hela, are derivations of Eela, which was Prakritized as Sihala and eventually Sanskritized as Simhala in the 5th century CE. Blockquote|Eela(Ila)>Hela>Sihala>Simhala. Another theory based on archeological evidence suggests the word is a Tamil word which originated from South India. Also the Tamil meaning of "Eelam" is postulated to be homeland. The Tamil lexicons (நிகண்டு), Thivaakaram, Pingkalam and Choodaama'ni, dating from c. 8th century CE, equate the word Eezham with Chingka'lam (the Sinhala country).
"Полалайян, (житель) Эрукатура, земледелец (хозяин) из Илама". Тамильские надписи периода Паллавов и Чолов, датируемые IX веком н.э., связывают это слово с пальмовым вином, жилищем собирателей пальмового сока (Eelat cheri), налогом на сбор пальмового сока (Eelap poodchi) и сословием собирателей пальмового сока (Eelath chanran). Элавар – это каста собирателей пальмового сока, проживающая в южных частях Кералы. С 1980-х годов слова Илам и Элавар были подхвачены тамильскими сепаратистскими движениями. Элавар теперь обозначает граждан предполагаемого Тамильского Илама, который должен был включать северные и восточные части Шри-Ланки. Шри-ланкийский историк Картигесу Индрапала в своей диссертации, опубликованной в 1965 году, предположил, что люди, от имени которых произошло название Илам, были сингалами. Самое раннее упоминание имени Илам встречается в надписях на брахми в Южной Индии, где оно зафиксировано как Ила (Eela) – пракритская форма Илама. В Дравидийском этимологическом словаре, отредактированном Томасом Берроу и Мюрреем Эмено, индоарийская этимология отмечена вопросительным знаком. Картигесу Индрапала обновил свою теорию в 2005 году, утверждая, что Ила, корень слова Илам, засвидетельствован в Шри-Ланке на протяжении веков до нашей эры как название этнической группы, и впоследствии стал применяться к острову как Илам. Он также полагает, что название острова могло быть дано популярному кокосовому дереву или наоборот, на тамильском языке. Он считает, что ранние местные названия для нынешней сингальской этнической группы, такие как Хела, являются производными от Ила, которое было пракритизировано как Сихала и впоследствии санскритизировано как Симхала в V веке н.э. Ила > Хела > Сихала > Симхала. Другая теория, основанная на археологических данных, предполагает, что это тамильское слово, возникшее в Южной Индии. Также предполагается, что тамильское значение слова "Eelam" – родина. Тамильские лексиконы (நிகண்டு), Тивакарам, Пингкалам и Чудамани, датируемые примерно VIII веком н.э., приравнивают слово Eezham к Чингаламу (страна Сингалов).
the Tamil name for Sri Lanka
Eelam (, īḻam, , also spelled Eezham, Ilam or Izham in English) is the native Tamil name for the South Asian island now known as Sri Lanka. Eelam is also the Tamil name for the spurge (a plant), toddy (an intoxicant) and gold. The exact etymology and the original meaning of the word are not clearly known, and there are number of conflicting theories. The Retroflex approximant ḻ in īḻam is a characteristic phoneme for Dravidian languages, now only retained in the closely related languages Tamil and Malayalam. Conventionally it has been represented in the Latin script with the digraph zh. The inscription reads,
Blockquote|: erukatur eelakutumpikan polalaiyan "Polalaiyan, (resident of) Erukatur, the husbandman (householder) from Eelam." The Tamil inscriptions from the Pallava and Chola period dating from 9th century CE link the word with toddy, toddy tapper's quarters (Eelat cheri), tax on toddy tapping (Eelap poodchi), a class of toddy tappers (Eelath chanran). Eelavar is a caste of toddy tappers found in the southern parts of Kerala. Since the 1980s the words Eelam and Eelavar have been taken up by the Tamil separatist movements. Eelavar now refers to the citizens of the proposed Tamil Eelam, which would have taken up the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan historian Karthigesu Indrapala in his thesis released in 1965 suggested that the people from whose named Eelam is derived were Sinhalese. The earliest occurrence of the name Eelam is in the Brahmi inscriptions of South India in which it occurs as Ila (Eela), the Prakrit form of the Eelam. The Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, which was jointly edited by Thomas Burrow and Murray Emeneau, marks the Indo Aryan etymology with a question mark. Karthigesu Indrapala updated his theory in 2005 and claims that Eela, the stem of Eelam, is attested in Sri Lanka for centuries before the common era as a name of an ethnic group, and eventually it came to be applied to the island as Eelam. He also believes that the name of the island was applied to the popular coconut tree or vice versa in Tamil. He believes the early native names for the present Sinhalese ethnic group, such as Hela, are derivations of Eela, which was Prakritized as Sihala and eventually Sanskritized as Simhala in the 5th century CE. Blockquote|Eela(Ila)>Hela>Sihala>Simhala. Another theory based on archeological evidence suggests the word is a Tamil word which originated from South India. Also the Tamil meaning of "Eelam" is postulated to be homeland. The Tamil lexicons (நிகண்டு), Thivaakaram, Pingkalam and Choodaama'ni, dating from c. 8th century CE, equate the word Eezham with Chingka'lam (the Sinhala country).
Древняя этническая группа
Эла и Элавар этимологически связаны с Ээламом. Основа Эла встречается в надписях на языке пракрит, датируемых II веком до н.э., найденных в Шри-Ланке, в таких именах собственных, как Эла Барата и Эла Нага. Значение Эла в этих надписях неизвестно, однако можно предположить, что они происходят из Элы – географического региона, или принадлежали к этнической группе, известной как Эла.
Южноиндийская теория каст
Элавар в южноиндийских средневековых надписях обозначает касту или род занятий собирателей пальмового сока, происходящее от дравидского слова "илам" (Eelam), обозначающего пальмовый сок. Начиная с XIX века в Южной Индии стали появляться источники, касающиеся легендарного происхождения касты собирателей пальмового сока, известных как Элавар в штате Керала. Эти теории утверждали, что Элавар изначально происходили из Илама (Шри-Ланки). Осознание южноиндийской кастой Элавар своего шри-ланкийского происхождения не датируется периодом более 150–200 лет.