Марек Ходакевич: Историк, вызвавший споры

Polish American historian (born 1962)

Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (born July 15, 1962) is a Polish American historian specializing in Central European history of the 19th and 20th centuries. He teaches at the Patrick Henry College and at the Institute of World Politics. He has been described as conservative and nationalistic, and his attitude towards minorities has been widely criticized. He is the Kościuszko Chair in Polish Studies at IWP. In 2003, Chodakiewicz received the Józef Mackiewicz Literary Prize in Warsaw, for his two volume book of history entitled Ejszyszki. According to Chodakiewicz, his work refutes Yaffa Eliach's allegations of a 1944 post liberation pogrom in Eišiškės against Jews by the Polish Home Army, in which Eliach said she survived beneath the body of her mother and baby brother who were shot multiple times after being discovered hiding in a closet, and as promoted in the American media and her book. Per Chodakiewicz, Jewish bystanders were killed accidentally during an "anti Soviet assault by the underground", and not in a pogrom. However, per Chodakiewicz "unfortunately, and quite typically, unlike the charges, the refutation received no publicity in the American media". Chodakiewicz's publication was reviewed positively in the Polish Gazeta Wyborcza newspaper, whose editor Adam Michnik had previously called Eliach's account an "insult" to Poland. In April 2005, Chodakiewicz was appointed by President George W. Bush for a five year term to the United States Holocaust Memorial Council. Controversy erupted towards the end of his term over Chodakiewicz's claims in several publications that Polish nationalists who murdered Jews after the Holocaust were not motivated by antisemitism. In addition, the British anti racism organization, Hope not Hate, has said Chodakiewicz is a frequent commentator for right wing Polish media. a "quasi public organization funded by state owned corporations to promote Poland's reputation abroad." Within a period of two years, Chodakiewicz and his family received more than $250,000 from the foundation's funds.

Reviewing After the Holocaust: Polish Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II (2003), Antony Polonsky wrote: "like the author's earlier book, Żydzi i Polacy 1918 1955 this volume is intended to correct 'anti Polish stereotypes' (p. 347), and it does not rise above the clichés of old fashioned nationalist apologetics." He criticizes Chodakiewicz for his simplistic view of the situation in post war Poland, for ignoring the widespread antisemitism at the time and for equating Polish and Jewish "groups", despite the latter being utterly decimated during the Holocaust. He ends his article observing that "what is most striking about this book is the lack of empathy with those caught up in these tragic events." Klaus Peter Friedrich, reviewing After the Holocaust: Polish Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II, criticizes Chodakiewicz's work as "selective and impressionistic", and "marred by many contradictions". Friedrich says that Chodakiewicz's manner of referring to fully assimilated Jews is similar to that used in radical right wing media; he concludes that the book seems to be written with an aim rooted in the politics of commemoration. In contrast, Joanna Michlic in her review writes that the book presents "intellectually and morally unacceptable interpretations", being part of a "ethno nationalist historiography" trend that promotes "an image of Poland as only heroic, suffering, noble, and innocent". Piotr Wróbel in his review, says that Chodakiewicz's aim, as stated in the introduction, is to show Jan T. Gross is wrong. Wróbel acknowledges that Chodakiewicz makes some good arguments, however they are "overshadowed by numerous flaws" and the book lacks any sense of proportion. According to Wróbel, the book has a "visible political agenda" and is "difficult to read, unoriginal, irritating, and unconvincing".

Golden Harvest or Hearts of Gold?, a 2012 collection of essays co edited by Chodakiewicz, and a polemic with Gross' book Golden Harvest, was heavily criticized by Danusha Goska for anything from not using a spellchecker to "cherry picking" historical anecdotes, as well as for repeatedly attacking scholars on the other side of the debate. David Engel said that the book "reaffirms the conventional Polish wisdom and impugns the academic integrity of prominent scholars (not only Gross) who have questioned it."

Reviewing Intermarium: The Land between the Black and Baltic Seas (2012) for the Sarmatian Review, Karl A. Roider Jr. describes the main theme of the book as a struggle between the democratic Polish model and the Russian totalitarian model over the Intermarium which per Chodakiewicz's includes the Baltic States, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. Roider's review is relatively negative. The review by Dovid Katz was also critical of the book, commenting the book's final chapter as a "hatchet job against Jewish partisans [that] resorts to a number of abuses of academic structure to mask the genre of nationalist polemic." Silviu Miloiu's review of the book in Journal of Baltic Studies was also favorable; in his conclusion Miliou stated: "On the whole, the book is one of the most competent and well written accounts of the Intermarium that I have read. It is based on an impressive range of sources. It sheds new light on historical and present day processes". Alexander Prusin reviewing the book for the Slavic Review said the work seems to be rather derivative of and of lesser significance and quality to similar works published recently by scholars such as Timothy Snyder, Kate Brown or Piotr Wandycz although "it will certainly find propitious ground among those who favor a new cordon sanitaire in Europe". Donald E. Pienkos in his review published in The Polish Review in 2018, commented that the parts of the books focused on history of Eastern Europe make for a "worthy, if not flawless, publication", but is more critical of its polemical part in which "the author castigates western scholars for their alleged ignorance of the region and their Russofilia", concluding that the polemical part significantly lowers the overall quality of the book.

Chodakiewicz wrote several books in response to works by Jan T. Gross about The Holocaust in Poland. His approach to the Holocaust was criticized by Joanna Michlic as an attempt to erase the "dark past" by showing only a "good past". Other critics have criticized Chodakiewicz for his reluctance to accept Polish responsibility for the Kielce pogrom. Critics take particular issue with Chodakiewicz's argument that Jewish born communist partisans' and functionaries' killing of Poles during the Soviet occupation "contextualizes", if not justifies, Polish violence against Jews. Laurence Weinbaum compares Chodakiewicz's writing to pseudo scholarly screeds and says that Chodakiewicz believes that scholars of antisemitism in Poland are advancing an "anti Western" and "anti American" agenda. Joanna Michlic characterizes Chodakiewicz as one of "the main representatives of the post 1989 historiography characterized by prejudicial views towards Jews and other minorities These historians belong to the school of (ethno)nationalist history writing in which the themes of martyrdom and victimhood of ethnic Poles vis a vis other groups play a key role in shaping their arguments and interpretation", with Chodakiewicz being the most extreme of the lot. Jan T. Gross was quoted as saying that "[Chodakiewicz] is an ideologist of the radical right, I don't have any doubts that he's anti Semitic." While Polish Canadian historian Piotr Wróbel said that "he would never use a phrase or adjective that would clearly identify him as an anti Semite", but "There is no doubt whatsoever that he doesn't like the Jews.". In his critical review of Intermarium in the Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Dovid Katz writes that Chodakiewicz "is a forceful advocate of a Republican Party type platform, with ample specific references to the Reagan years [he] is socially conservative—that is to say pro religion, anti secularist, anti gay, anti left, and anti liberal. [In his writings] there is an implicit call for the disenfranchisement of the Russian speaking minorities in [Eastern Europe and the Baltic states]. [He] is also somewhat fixated with the purported dangers of 'homosexual frolic' and 'so called "gay pride" parades' (both p. 253), 'gay liberation' (p. 378), 'radical lifestyles' (p. 421), 'gender, queer and other guises' (p. 468), 'sexual politics (including feminism and gay rights)' (p. 528) Turning to Jewish issues, it is no secret that Chodakiewicz comes to the table with a controversial record that has included disguising Polish nationalism and anti Jewish sentiment on Poland related issues as objective historical research. Notorious episodes include his vitriolic attacks on Jan T. Gross's pioneering scholarship and the omniscient search for Jews among the evil Communists." Katz writes that Chodakiewicz "winds up praising the Ukrainian Nazi groups that actually helped perpetrate the Holocaust". He contrasts Chodakiewicz's work with that of Western scholars like Timothy Snyder (Bloodlands, 2012) and Alexander Prusin (The Lands Between: Conflict in the East European Borderlands, 1870–1992, 2010)."