Введение
Американский поэт Цю Сяолун (китайское произношение /tɕjoʊː ˌɕjɑʊˈlʊŋ/, американское английское произношение '/tʃ//uː// /, /ʃ//aʊ/'/l//ɒ//ŋ/; родился в Шанхае, Китай, в 1953 году) – американский писатель, автор детективных романов, поэт на английском языке, литературный переводчик, критик и ученый. Он опубликовал двенадцать криминальных триллеров и детективных романов в серии об инспекторе Чэнь Цао. Среди них – «Смерть красной героини», удостоенная премии Энтони за лучший дебютный роман в 2001 году.
Qiu Xiaolong (, Chinese pronunciation /tɕʰjoʊː ˌɕjɑʊˈlʊŋ/, American English pronunciation '/tʃ//uː// /,/ʃ//aʊ/'/l//ɒ//ŋ/; born Shanghai, China, 1953)
is a Shanghai born American crime novelist, English language poet, literary translator, critic, and academic,
He has published twelve crime thriller/mystery novels as part of the Inspector Chen Cao series. These include Death of a Red Heroine, which won the Anthony Award for best first novel in 2001,
The Cultural Revolution began in 1966, and the family was branded as "black", part of the counter revolutionary class. The Red Guard searched their home for two days, taking away anything regarded as decadent (jewelry, books, even electric fans); Qiu's mother had a nervous breakdown, from which she never really recovered. Qiu's father came home at times with bruises from being attacked at work. Then his father suffered an acute retinal detachment and was hospitalized. In order to be eligible for eye surgery, his father had to write a confession of guilt for his capitalist bourgeois sins; but it was not deemed sufficiently repentant. So the teenage Qiu re wrote it, using melodramatic language and framing his father's capitalist sins as no accident. It seemed to work, as soon after his father received his surgery. Ironically, Qiu says, "The Red Guard’s approval of my father’s confession gave me some confidence in my writing". Qiu's older brother (Qiu Xiaowei), handicapped from childhood due to infantile paralysis, also suffered a breakdown during the Cultural Revolution, being unable to work or study (the schools all being shut down). The brother is still hospitalized, and Qiu makes regular trips to Shanghai to visit him. He also has a younger sister, Xiaohong. This interest in English grew into his academic specialty: he got a B. A. in English from East China Normal University (1978), an M. A. in English Literature from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1981), and was an Assistant and Associate Research Professor at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences (1986 – 1988). In 1988, prior to a fellowship in the United States, he married his wife Wang Lijun. Eliot was born in St. Louis, and his grandfather founded the university. But in 1989, Qiu and fellow Chinese academics were stunned to watch TV reports of the severe government crackdown of the Tiananmen Square protests. On July 4, Qiu was volunteering at a St. Louis fair, selling egg rolls as a fundraiser for Chinese student protesters, when he overheard a Voice of America broadcast describing him as "a published poet who supported the democratic movement in China." While an academic in China, Qiu wrote poetry and scholarly articles,
With Qiu's 1989 decision to stay in the United States for political reasons, publishing in China became difficult and he began writing mostly in English. After Qiu finished his Ph. D. in 1995, he visited China again after a long absence. So he decided that a novel was better for describing "this type of dramatic change you can call it 'best of times, worst of times'". Thus was born his protagonist Inspector Chen Cao, like Qiu a Chinese poet and translator from Shanghai who studied English literature, but also a policeman. Qiu says, "A cop needs to walk around, knock on people's doors and talk to various people. This particular cop is very helpful because he's an intellectual. He's not only going to catch a murderer; he also tries to think what's wrong historically, socially, culturally — in what kind of a context did this tragedy occur?" The scandals and downfall of the high Chinese official Bo Xilai formed a basis for the ninth novel, Shanghai Redemption. In many of the Inspector Chen novels, Qiu portrays traditional Shanghai life amidst the old alleyways and also how it is rapidly disappearing with modernization. These are also themes in two of his other works: Red Dust is a set of short stories about the inhabitants of a small lane in Shanghai, spanning Mao's rise to the return of capitalism; Disappearing Shanghai combines intimate black and white photos of older Shanghai with poems by Qiu. Qiu visits his old family house in Shanghai occasionally; frozen in time, it is filled with old carved furniture and devoid of plumbing (having instead a chamber pot). One of the most significant stylistic symbols in Qiu Xiaolong' s novel is that he incorporates a lot of poetic writing, which stylistically owes more to Eliot and Yeats than it does to classical Chinese verse. Qiu's teacher, Bian ZhiLin, significantly influenced him on his career path as well. When he was pursuing his master's degree, he started writing poems when his teacher Bian suggested him to do so. Furthermore, following Bian's footstep, Qiu started to write novels in English as Bian was writing English novels instead of Chinese novels. Qiu believes it is an advantage rather than a disadvantage to write from a distance, which reflects the fact that he is writing about China from a distance. One may see from an angle what those living in the place fail to see. According to Qiu, he is using his detective novels as a scope to view Chinese society, raising important political and social issues about contemporary China. As he said:“The 'protagonist' of my novel is actually China, whereas the detective fictions are just the masks the Western society has many bias and misunderstanding when they are introducing China. I hope to portray parts of the true China using English, and talk about the changes and confusions Chinese people are experiencing during the period of social transition."
Культурная революция началась в 1966 году, и семья была заклеймена как «черная», относящаяся к контрреволюционному классу. Красная гвардия обыскивала их дом два дня, изымая все, что считалось декадентским (украшения, книги, даже электрические вентиляторы); мать Цю пережила нервный срыв, от которого так и не оправилась. Отец Цю иногда возвращался домой с синяками после нападений на работе. Затем у отца произошел острый отрыв сетчатки, и его госпитализировали. Чтобы получить возможность сделать операцию на глазах, отец должен был написать признание в вине за свои капиталистические грехи; однако его признали недостаточно раскаявшимся. Тогда подросток Цю переписал его, используя мелодраматичный язык и представляя капиталистические грехи отца не как случайность. Похоже, это сработало, вскоре после этого отец перенес операцию. По иронии судьбы, как говорит Цю, «одобрение признания моего отца Красной гвардией придало мне уверенности в моих писательских способностях». Старший брат Цю (Цю Сяовэй), инвалид с детства из-за детского паралича, также пережил кризис во время Культурной революции, не имея возможности работать или учиться (все школы были закрыты). Брат до сих пор находится в больнице, и Цю регулярно ездит в Шанхай, чтобы навестить его. У него также есть младшая сестра, Сяохун. Его интерес к английскому языку превратился в его академическую специализацию: он получил степень бакалавра английского языка в Восточно-Китайском педагогическом университете (1978), степень магистра английской литературы в Китайской академии общественных наук (1981) и работал ассистентом и доцентом в Шанхайской академии общественных наук (1986–1988). В 1988 году, перед получением стипендии в Соединенных Штатах, он женился на Ван Лицзюнь. Элиот родился в Сент-Луисе, где его дед основал университет. Но в 1989 году Цю и другие китайские ученые были потрясены, увидев по телевидению репортажи о жестоком подавлении правительством протестов на площади Тяньаньмэнь. 4 июля Цю добровольно помогал на ярмарке в Сент-Луисе, продавая спринг-роллы для сбора средств в поддержку китайских студентов-протестантов, когда услышал передачу «Голоса Америки», в которой его описывали как «опубликованного поэта, поддерживающего демократическое движение в Китае». Работая ученым в Китае, Цю писал стихи и научные статьи.
Qiu Xiaolong (, Chinese pronunciation /tɕʰjoʊː ˌɕjɑʊˈlʊŋ/, American English pronunciation '/tʃ//uː// /,/ʃ//aʊ/'/l//ɒ//ŋ/; born Shanghai, China, 1953)
is a Shanghai born American crime novelist, English language poet, literary translator, critic, and academic,
He has published twelve crime thriller/mystery novels as part of the Inspector Chen Cao series. These include Death of a Red Heroine, which won the Anthony Award for best first novel in 2001,
The Cultural Revolution began in 1966, and the family was branded as "black", part of the counter revolutionary class. The Red Guard searched their home for two days, taking away anything regarded as decadent (jewelry, books, even electric fans); Qiu's mother had a nervous breakdown, from which she never really recovered. Qiu's father came home at times with bruises from being attacked at work. Then his father suffered an acute retinal detachment and was hospitalized. In order to be eligible for eye surgery, his father had to write a confession of guilt for his capitalist bourgeois sins; but it was not deemed sufficiently repentant. So the teenage Qiu re wrote it, using melodramatic language and framing his father's capitalist sins as no accident. It seemed to work, as soon after his father received his surgery. Ironically, Qiu says, "The Red Guard’s approval of my father’s confession gave me some confidence in my writing". Qiu's older brother (Qiu Xiaowei), handicapped from childhood due to infantile paralysis, also suffered a breakdown during the Cultural Revolution, being unable to work or study (the schools all being shut down). The brother is still hospitalized, and Qiu makes regular trips to Shanghai to visit him. He also has a younger sister, Xiaohong. This interest in English grew into his academic specialty: he got a B. A. in English from East China Normal University (1978), an M. A. in English Literature from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1981), and was an Assistant and Associate Research Professor at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences (1986 – 1988). In 1988, prior to a fellowship in the United States, he married his wife Wang Lijun. Eliot was born in St. Louis, and his grandfather founded the university. But in 1989, Qiu and fellow Chinese academics were stunned to watch TV reports of the severe government crackdown of the Tiananmen Square protests. On July 4, Qiu was volunteering at a St. Louis fair, selling egg rolls as a fundraiser for Chinese student protesters, when he overheard a Voice of America broadcast describing him as "a published poet who supported the democratic movement in China." While an academic in China, Qiu wrote poetry and scholarly articles,
With Qiu's 1989 decision to stay in the United States for political reasons, publishing in China became difficult and he began writing mostly in English. After Qiu finished his Ph. D. in 1995, he visited China again after a long absence. So he decided that a novel was better for describing "this type of dramatic change you can call it 'best of times, worst of times'". Thus was born his protagonist Inspector Chen Cao, like Qiu a Chinese poet and translator from Shanghai who studied English literature, but also a policeman. Qiu says, "A cop needs to walk around, knock on people's doors and talk to various people. This particular cop is very helpful because he's an intellectual. He's not only going to catch a murderer; he also tries to think what's wrong historically, socially, culturally — in what kind of a context did this tragedy occur?" The scandals and downfall of the high Chinese official Bo Xilai formed a basis for the ninth novel, Shanghai Redemption. In many of the Inspector Chen novels, Qiu portrays traditional Shanghai life amidst the old alleyways and also how it is rapidly disappearing with modernization. These are also themes in two of his other works: Red Dust is a set of short stories about the inhabitants of a small lane in Shanghai, spanning Mao's rise to the return of capitalism; Disappearing Shanghai combines intimate black and white photos of older Shanghai with poems by Qiu. Qiu visits his old family house in Shanghai occasionally; frozen in time, it is filled with old carved furniture and devoid of plumbing (having instead a chamber pot). One of the most significant stylistic symbols in Qiu Xiaolong' s novel is that he incorporates a lot of poetic writing, which stylistically owes more to Eliot and Yeats than it does to classical Chinese verse. Qiu's teacher, Bian ZhiLin, significantly influenced him on his career path as well. When he was pursuing his master's degree, he started writing poems when his teacher Bian suggested him to do so. Furthermore, following Bian's footstep, Qiu started to write novels in English as Bian was writing English novels instead of Chinese novels. Qiu believes it is an advantage rather than a disadvantage to write from a distance, which reflects the fact that he is writing about China from a distance. One may see from an angle what those living in the place fail to see. According to Qiu, he is using his detective novels as a scope to view Chinese society, raising important political and social issues about contemporary China. As he said:“The 'protagonist' of my novel is actually China, whereas the detective fictions are just the masks the Western society has many bias and misunderstanding when they are introducing China. I hope to portray parts of the true China using English, and talk about the changes and confusions Chinese people are experiencing during the period of social transition."
После решения Цю остаться в Соединенных Штатах в 1989 году по политическим причинам публикация в Китае стала затруднительной, и он начал писать в основном на английском языке. После получения докторской степени в 1995 году Цю вновь посетил Китай после долгого отсутствия. Тогда он решил, что роман лучше подходит для описания «такого драматического изменения – можно сказать, "лучших и худших времен"». Так родился его главный герой, инспектор Чэнь Цао, как и Цю, китайский поэт и переводчик из Шанхая, изучавший английскую литературу, но также полицейский. Цю говорит: «Полицейский должен ходить, стучать в двери и разговаривать с разными людьми. Этот конкретный полицейский особенно полезен, потому что он интеллектуал. Он не только собирается поймать убийцу, но и пытается понять, что не так в историческом, социальном и культурном плане – в каком контексте произошла эта трагедия?» Скандалы и падение высокопоставленного китайского чиновника Бо Силая послужили основой для девятого романа «Шанхайское искупление». Во многих романах об инспекторе Чэне Цю изображает традиционную жизнь Шанхая среди старых переулков, а также то, как она быстро исчезает в процессе модернизации. Эти же темы затрагиваются в двух других его работах: «Красная пыль» – сборник рассказов о жителях небольшого переулка в Шанхае, охватывающий период с прихода Мао к власти до возвращения капитализма; «Исчезающий Шанхай» сочетает в себе интимные черно-белые фотографии старого Шанхая со стихами Цю. Цю иногда посещает свой старый семейный дом в Шанхае; застывший во времени, он полон старой резной мебели и лишен водопровода (вместо него – ночной горшок). Один из наиболее значимых стилистических приемов в романах Цю Сяолуна – это обилие поэтического письма, которое стилистически больше обязано Элиоту и Йейтсу, чем классической китайской поэзии. Значительное влияние на его карьеру оказал его учитель Бянь Чжилинь. Когда он учился в магистратуре, он начал писать стихи по совету своего учителя Бяня. Более того, следуя примеру Бяня, Цю начал писать романы на английском языке, поскольку Бянь писал романы на английском, а не на китайском. Цю считает, что писать с дистанции – это преимущество, а не недостаток, что отражает тот факт, что он пишет о Китае, находясь вдали от него. Со стороны можно увидеть то, что не замечают те, кто живет там. По словам Цю, он использует свои детективные романы как инструмент для изучения китайского общества, поднимая важные политические и социальные вопросы о современном Китае. Как он сказал: «Главный герой моего романа – это на самом деле Китай, а детективные истории – всего лишь маски. Западное общество имеет много предубеждений и недопониманий, когда речь идет о Китае. Я надеюсь изобразить части истинного Китая на английском языке и рассказать об изменениях и смятении, которые испытывают китайцы в период социальных перемен».
Qiu Xiaolong (, Chinese pronunciation /tɕʰjoʊː ˌɕjɑʊˈlʊŋ/, American English pronunciation '/tʃ//uː// /,/ʃ//aʊ/'/l//ɒ//ŋ/; born Shanghai, China, 1953)
is a Shanghai born American crime novelist, English language poet, literary translator, critic, and academic,
He has published twelve crime thriller/mystery novels as part of the Inspector Chen Cao series. These include Death of a Red Heroine, which won the Anthony Award for best first novel in 2001,
The Cultural Revolution began in 1966, and the family was branded as "black", part of the counter revolutionary class. The Red Guard searched their home for two days, taking away anything regarded as decadent (jewelry, books, even electric fans); Qiu's mother had a nervous breakdown, from which she never really recovered. Qiu's father came home at times with bruises from being attacked at work. Then his father suffered an acute retinal detachment and was hospitalized. In order to be eligible for eye surgery, his father had to write a confession of guilt for his capitalist bourgeois sins; but it was not deemed sufficiently repentant. So the teenage Qiu re wrote it, using melodramatic language and framing his father's capitalist sins as no accident. It seemed to work, as soon after his father received his surgery. Ironically, Qiu says, "The Red Guard’s approval of my father’s confession gave me some confidence in my writing". Qiu's older brother (Qiu Xiaowei), handicapped from childhood due to infantile paralysis, also suffered a breakdown during the Cultural Revolution, being unable to work or study (the schools all being shut down). The brother is still hospitalized, and Qiu makes regular trips to Shanghai to visit him. He also has a younger sister, Xiaohong. This interest in English grew into his academic specialty: he got a B. A. in English from East China Normal University (1978), an M. A. in English Literature from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1981), and was an Assistant and Associate Research Professor at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences (1986 – 1988). In 1988, prior to a fellowship in the United States, he married his wife Wang Lijun. Eliot was born in St. Louis, and his grandfather founded the university. But in 1989, Qiu and fellow Chinese academics were stunned to watch TV reports of the severe government crackdown of the Tiananmen Square protests. On July 4, Qiu was volunteering at a St. Louis fair, selling egg rolls as a fundraiser for Chinese student protesters, when he overheard a Voice of America broadcast describing him as "a published poet who supported the democratic movement in China." While an academic in China, Qiu wrote poetry and scholarly articles,
With Qiu's 1989 decision to stay in the United States for political reasons, publishing in China became difficult and he began writing mostly in English. After Qiu finished his Ph. D. in 1995, he visited China again after a long absence. So he decided that a novel was better for describing "this type of dramatic change you can call it 'best of times, worst of times'". Thus was born his protagonist Inspector Chen Cao, like Qiu a Chinese poet and translator from Shanghai who studied English literature, but also a policeman. Qiu says, "A cop needs to walk around, knock on people's doors and talk to various people. This particular cop is very helpful because he's an intellectual. He's not only going to catch a murderer; he also tries to think what's wrong historically, socially, culturally — in what kind of a context did this tragedy occur?" The scandals and downfall of the high Chinese official Bo Xilai formed a basis for the ninth novel, Shanghai Redemption. In many of the Inspector Chen novels, Qiu portrays traditional Shanghai life amidst the old alleyways and also how it is rapidly disappearing with modernization. These are also themes in two of his other works: Red Dust is a set of short stories about the inhabitants of a small lane in Shanghai, spanning Mao's rise to the return of capitalism; Disappearing Shanghai combines intimate black and white photos of older Shanghai with poems by Qiu. Qiu visits his old family house in Shanghai occasionally; frozen in time, it is filled with old carved furniture and devoid of plumbing (having instead a chamber pot). One of the most significant stylistic symbols in Qiu Xiaolong' s novel is that he incorporates a lot of poetic writing, which stylistically owes more to Eliot and Yeats than it does to classical Chinese verse. Qiu's teacher, Bian ZhiLin, significantly influenced him on his career path as well. When he was pursuing his master's degree, he started writing poems when his teacher Bian suggested him to do so. Furthermore, following Bian's footstep, Qiu started to write novels in English as Bian was writing English novels instead of Chinese novels. Qiu believes it is an advantage rather than a disadvantage to write from a distance, which reflects the fact that he is writing about China from a distance. One may see from an angle what those living in the place fail to see. According to Qiu, he is using his detective novels as a scope to view Chinese society, raising important political and social issues about contemporary China. As he said:“The 'protagonist' of my novel is actually China, whereas the detective fictions are just the masks the Western society has many bias and misunderstanding when they are introducing China. I hope to portray parts of the true China using English, and talk about the changes and confusions Chinese people are experiencing during the period of social transition."
Комментарии
Его серия романов с участием шанхайского инспектора Чэнь Цао получила высокую оценку за точное изображение современной жизни в коммунистическом Китае, где сложный переход к более западному обществу и капиталистической экономике сталкивается с традиционными китайскими ценностями и по-прежнему авторитарным и бюрократичным правительством. Многие критики отметили, что описания Китая и его общества являются наиболее интересными аспектами книги, а детективная интрига служит лишь средством для создания широкой картины страны. Конни Флетчер, в своей рецензии для Booklist, назвала книгу "увлекательной благодаря тому, что она раскрывает как особенности Китая, так и сложную личность главного героя в этих условиях".
Критика
Работа Цю Сяолона подверглась критике со стороны китайских критиков и читателей, которые утверждают, что его изображение Китая не отражает действительность, поскольку он ориентирован прежде всего на западного читателя. Некоторые китайские критики жалуются, что творчество Цю эксплуатирует ориентализм, апеллируя к западным представлениям о Китае и используя такие культурные элементы, как фольклор, древняя поэзия и кухня. Критики также считают, что в романах Цю недостаточно дедуктивного мышления и захватывающего сюжета, чтобы их можно было назвать полноценными детективными произведениями.
Самокритика , Кью Сяолонг
Темы Цю часто вращаются вокруг коррупции в Китае. Он утверждает, что после того, как Коммунистическая партия взяла под контроль средства массовой информации, интернет стал важным и действенным способом для людей отстаивать справедливость, несмотря на постоянную цензуру. Он полагает, что политические реформы в Китае невозможны, несмотря на значительные экономические изменения. Главный герой его детективных романов, инспектор Чэнь, часто раскрывает коррупцию в ходе расследований, что обращает его идеализм в пессимизм по отношению к китайской политической системе. Он также отмечал, что его увлечение включением аутентичной региональной китайской кухни в свои произведения связано с чувствами ностальгии, подобно тому, как это делает Марсель Пруст в «В поисках утраченного времени»; и что традиционная еда в современном Китае сохранилась во многом благодаря скандалам с безопасностью пищевых продуктов.
Адаптации
Романы были адаптированы для радиопостановок BBC Radio 4 с Джейми Зубайри в роли Чэна и Дэном Ли в роли детектива Юй. Адаптацию осуществляли Джой Уилкинсон («Смерть красной героини», «Красное мандаринное платье», «Дело Мао», «Не плачь, Тайху», «Задержи дыхание, Китай») и Джон Харви («Верный танцор», «Когда красный становится черным», «Дело двух городов», «Энигма Китая» и «Шанхайское искупление»). В 2011 году было объявлено о планах экранизировать романы об инспекторе Чэне в виде серии из семи полнометражных фильмов, которые должны были быть сняты в копродукции Австралии и Китая. С тех пор никакой информации об этом проекте не поступало.