Введение
Два пограничных спора с участием Испании и Соединенных Штатов были связаны с приобретением Западной Флориды. Когда Франция в 1803 году продала территорию Луизианы Соединенным Штатам, между Испанией и Соединенными Штатами возник спор о том, входила ли Западная Флорида в состав Луизианской покупки. Соединенные Штаты предъявили претензии на регион Западной Флориды между реками Миссисипи и Пердидо, утверждая, что он был частью французской Луизианы. Испания считала это утверждение необоснованным. В 1810 году группа недовольных американских и британских поселенцев в районе Батон-Руж узнала, что испанский колониальный губернатор, притворявшийся сочувствующим, на самом деле собирал против них войска. Они восстали, захватив испанский гарнизон в форте Сан-Карлос в Батон-Руж 23 сентября 1810 года и объявили независимость Республики Западная Флорида 26 сентября. С. 288–291
[[File:Map to Illustrate the Acquisition of West Florida. jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Annotated map of the territorial changes of British and Spanish West Florida When France then sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803, a dispute arose between Spain and the United States regarding whether West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase. The United States laid claim to the region of West Florida between the Mississippi and Perdido Rivers, asserting it had been part of French Louisiana. Spain held that such a claim was baseless. In 1810, a group of discontented American and British settlers in the area of Baton Rouge learned that the Spanish colonial governor, who had feigned sympathy, was in fact mounting a force against them. They revolted by overrunning a Spanish garrison at Fort San Carlos in Baton Rouge on September 23, 1810, and declared the independence of the Republic of West Florida on September 26. pp. 288–291
"Valid title by possession of her part of the ceded territory was acquired by Great Britain at once (1763). Spain failed to make good by occupancy her title until 1769, when [Alejandro] O'Reilly took formal possession. For six years, therefore, the Louisiana as France possessed it, and as Spain received it, included no territory between the Mississippi and Perdido rivers. In 1779 81 Spain acquired West Florida, as well as East Florida by right of conquest, confirmed by the treaty of 1783. By no logical process of reasoning can it be shown that Spain's independent title to West Florida thus acquired should be included in Spain's previously acquired title to Louisiana and the island of New Orleans," according to Chambers. Spain made a retrocession to France of the province of Louisiana as at that time possessed by Spain, and such as it was when France possessed it. Juan Manuel de Salcedo, that Spain retroceded to France exactly the territory that it had received forty years before. Therefore Louisiana did not include West Florida, which Spain had acquired from Great Britain. p. 87–88
The clause in Article III of the St. Ildefonso treaty, "the 'extent that it now has in the hands of Spain' did not mean to include West Florida, for the latter was separate from Louisiana in the Spanish mind; and in governmental ordinances and treaties the Floridas are always specified as distinct from Louisiana, Cuba and other Spanish possessions. 'And that it had when France possessed it.' When France possessed it between 1763 and 1769, it did not include West Florida. 'And such as it should be after the treaties subsequently entered into between Spain and the other States.' Spain entered into no treaty with other States relative to Louisiana until she ceded it back to France in 1800. The Louisiana ceded to Spain by France, and retroceded by Spain to France, did not extend to the Perdido river. The only territory east of the Mississippi river included in the Louisiana transferred and retransferred, was the Island of Orleans." Nor was it stipulated in her treaty of the year 1801 that the acquisition of Louisiana by France was a retrocession; that is to say that Spain restored to France what she had received from her in 1762. [T]he same day France ceded to England by the preliminaries of peace, all the territory to the eastward. Of this Spain received no part and could therefore give back none to France. All bears the name of Florida. It has been constantly designated in that way during the time that Spain held it. It bears the same name in the treaties of limits between Spain and the United States; and in different notes of Mr. Livingston of a later date than the treaty of retrocession in which the name of Louisiana is given to the territory on the west side of the Mississippi; of Florida to that on the east side of it. [Y]ou must think as unnatural, after all the changes of sovereignty which that part of America has undergone, to give the name of Louisiana to the Mobile district as to territory more north of it, on the same bank of the river, which formerly belonged to France. These observations, sir, will be sufficient to dispel every kind of doubt with regard to the extent of the retrocession made by Spain to France. It was under this impression that the Spanish and French Plenipotentiaries negotiated. [During] the whole course of these negotiations, the Spanish government has constantly refused to cede any part of the Floridas. [M]oreover, Gen. Bournouville was charged to open a new negotiation with Spain for the acquisition of the Floridas. His project which has not been followed by any treaty is an evident proof that France had not acquired by the treaty retroceding Louisiana the country east of the Mississippi. p. 82
«Законное право владения своей частью уступленной территории Великобритания приобрела сразу же (1763 г.). Испания не смогла закрепить свое право владения посредством занятия территории до 1769 года, когда [Алехандро] О’Рейли официально вступил во владение. Следовательно, в течение шести лет Луизиана, как она принадлежала Франции, и как ее получила Испания, не включала территорию между реками Миссисипи и Пердидо. В 1779–1781 годах Испания приобрела Западную Флориду, а также Восточную Флориду по праву завоевания, что было подтверждено договором 1783 года. Никаким логическим путем нельзя доказать, что независимое право Испании на Западную Флориду, приобретенное таким образом, должно быть включено в ранее приобретенное право Испании на Луизиану и остров Новый Орлеан», – утверждал Чеймберс. Испания вернула Франции провинцию Луизиана в том виде, в каком она находилась в распоряжении Испании в то время, и в том виде, в каком она находилась в распоряжении Франции. Хуан Мануэль де Сальседо подтвердил, что Испания вернула Франции именно ту территорию, которую она получила сорок лет назад. Следовательно, Луизиана не включала Западную Флориду, которую Испания приобрела у Великобритании. С. 87–88
[[File:Map to Illustrate the Acquisition of West Florida. jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Annotated map of the territorial changes of British and Spanish West Florida When France then sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803, a dispute arose between Spain and the United States regarding whether West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase. The United States laid claim to the region of West Florida between the Mississippi and Perdido Rivers, asserting it had been part of French Louisiana. Spain held that such a claim was baseless. In 1810, a group of discontented American and British settlers in the area of Baton Rouge learned that the Spanish colonial governor, who had feigned sympathy, was in fact mounting a force against them. They revolted by overrunning a Spanish garrison at Fort San Carlos in Baton Rouge on September 23, 1810, and declared the independence of the Republic of West Florida on September 26. pp. 288–291
"Valid title by possession of her part of the ceded territory was acquired by Great Britain at once (1763). Spain failed to make good by occupancy her title until 1769, when [Alejandro] O'Reilly took formal possession. For six years, therefore, the Louisiana as France possessed it, and as Spain received it, included no territory between the Mississippi and Perdido rivers. In 1779 81 Spain acquired West Florida, as well as East Florida by right of conquest, confirmed by the treaty of 1783. By no logical process of reasoning can it be shown that Spain's independent title to West Florida thus acquired should be included in Spain's previously acquired title to Louisiana and the island of New Orleans," according to Chambers. Spain made a retrocession to France of the province of Louisiana as at that time possessed by Spain, and such as it was when France possessed it. Juan Manuel de Salcedo, that Spain retroceded to France exactly the territory that it had received forty years before. Therefore Louisiana did not include West Florida, which Spain had acquired from Great Britain. p. 87–88
The clause in Article III of the St. Ildefonso treaty, "the 'extent that it now has in the hands of Spain' did not mean to include West Florida, for the latter was separate from Louisiana in the Spanish mind; and in governmental ordinances and treaties the Floridas are always specified as distinct from Louisiana, Cuba and other Spanish possessions. 'And that it had when France possessed it.' When France possessed it between 1763 and 1769, it did not include West Florida. 'And such as it should be after the treaties subsequently entered into between Spain and the other States.' Spain entered into no treaty with other States relative to Louisiana until she ceded it back to France in 1800. The Louisiana ceded to Spain by France, and retroceded by Spain to France, did not extend to the Perdido river. The only territory east of the Mississippi river included in the Louisiana transferred and retransferred, was the Island of Orleans." Nor was it stipulated in her treaty of the year 1801 that the acquisition of Louisiana by France was a retrocession; that is to say that Spain restored to France what she had received from her in 1762. [T]he same day France ceded to England by the preliminaries of peace, all the territory to the eastward. Of this Spain received no part and could therefore give back none to France. All bears the name of Florida. It has been constantly designated in that way during the time that Spain held it. It bears the same name in the treaties of limits between Spain and the United States; and in different notes of Mr. Livingston of a later date than the treaty of retrocession in which the name of Louisiana is given to the territory on the west side of the Mississippi; of Florida to that on the east side of it. [Y]ou must think as unnatural, after all the changes of sovereignty which that part of America has undergone, to give the name of Louisiana to the Mobile district as to territory more north of it, on the same bank of the river, which formerly belonged to France. These observations, sir, will be sufficient to dispel every kind of doubt with regard to the extent of the retrocession made by Spain to France. It was under this impression that the Spanish and French Plenipotentiaries negotiated. [During] the whole course of these negotiations, the Spanish government has constantly refused to cede any part of the Floridas. [M]oreover, Gen. Bournouville was charged to open a new negotiation with Spain for the acquisition of the Floridas. His project which has not been followed by any treaty is an evident proof that France had not acquired by the treaty retroceding Louisiana the country east of the Mississippi. p. 82
Положение в статье III договора в Сент-Ильдефонсо, «'объем, который сейчас находится в руках Испании'», не подразумевало включение Западной Флориды, поскольку последняя была отделена от Луизианы в испанском понимании; и во правительственных постановлениях и договорах Флориды всегда указываются отдельно от Луизианы, Кубы и других испанских владений. «И в том виде, в каком она была во владении Франции». Когда Франция владела ею между 1763 и 1769 годами, она не включала Западную Флориду. «И в том виде, в каком она должна быть после заключения договоров между Испанией и другими государствами». Испания не заключала никаких договоров с другими государствами относительно Луизианы до тех пор, пока не вернула ее Франции в 1800 году. Луизиана, уступленная Франции Испании и возвращенная Испанией Франции, не простиралась до реки Пердидо. Единственная территория к востоку от реки Миссисипи, включенная в переданную и возвращенную Луизиану, – это остров Орлеан. Также не было указано в ее договоре 1801 года, что приобретение Луизианы Францией было ретроцессией, то есть, что Испания вернула Франции то, что она получила от нее в 1762 году. В тот же день Франция уступила Англии, согласно предварительным условиям мира, всю территорию на востоке. Испания не получила от этого никакой доли и, следовательно, не могла вернуть ничего Франции. Все это носит название Флорида. Она постоянно так называлась в течение всего времени, когда Испания владела ею. Она носит то же название в договорах о границах между Испанией и Соединенными Штатами; и в различных записках г-на Ливингстона, датированных более поздним сроком, чем договор о ретроцессии, в которых название Луизиана дано территории на западной стороне Миссисипи, а Флорида – на восточной стороне. Вам должно показаться неестественным, после всех изменений суверенитета, которые претерпела эта часть Америки, давать название Луизиана району Мобил, как и территории севернее, на том же берегу реки, которая ранее принадлежала Франции. Эти замечания, сэр, будут достаточными, чтобы развеять всякие сомнения относительно объема ретроцессии, сделанной Испанией Франции. Именно под этим впечатлением вели переговоры испанские и французские полномочные представители. [В течение] всего процесса этих переговоров испанское правительство постоянно отказывалось уступать какую-либо часть Флориды. Более того, генералу Бурнувилю было поручено начать новые переговоры с Испанией о приобретении Флорид. Его проект, который не был завершен каким-либо договором, является явным доказательством того, что Франция не приобрела по договору о ретроцессии Луизианы страну к востоку от Миссисипи. С. 82
[[File:Map to Illustrate the Acquisition of West Florida. jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Annotated map of the territorial changes of British and Spanish West Florida When France then sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803, a dispute arose between Spain and the United States regarding whether West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase. The United States laid claim to the region of West Florida between the Mississippi and Perdido Rivers, asserting it had been part of French Louisiana. Spain held that such a claim was baseless. In 1810, a group of discontented American and British settlers in the area of Baton Rouge learned that the Spanish colonial governor, who had feigned sympathy, was in fact mounting a force against them. They revolted by overrunning a Spanish garrison at Fort San Carlos in Baton Rouge on September 23, 1810, and declared the independence of the Republic of West Florida on September 26. pp. 288–291
"Valid title by possession of her part of the ceded territory was acquired by Great Britain at once (1763). Spain failed to make good by occupancy her title until 1769, when [Alejandro] O'Reilly took formal possession. For six years, therefore, the Louisiana as France possessed it, and as Spain received it, included no territory between the Mississippi and Perdido rivers. In 1779 81 Spain acquired West Florida, as well as East Florida by right of conquest, confirmed by the treaty of 1783. By no logical process of reasoning can it be shown that Spain's independent title to West Florida thus acquired should be included in Spain's previously acquired title to Louisiana and the island of New Orleans," according to Chambers. Spain made a retrocession to France of the province of Louisiana as at that time possessed by Spain, and such as it was when France possessed it. Juan Manuel de Salcedo, that Spain retroceded to France exactly the territory that it had received forty years before. Therefore Louisiana did not include West Florida, which Spain had acquired from Great Britain. p. 87–88
The clause in Article III of the St. Ildefonso treaty, "the 'extent that it now has in the hands of Spain' did not mean to include West Florida, for the latter was separate from Louisiana in the Spanish mind; and in governmental ordinances and treaties the Floridas are always specified as distinct from Louisiana, Cuba and other Spanish possessions. 'And that it had when France possessed it.' When France possessed it between 1763 and 1769, it did not include West Florida. 'And such as it should be after the treaties subsequently entered into between Spain and the other States.' Spain entered into no treaty with other States relative to Louisiana until she ceded it back to France in 1800. The Louisiana ceded to Spain by France, and retroceded by Spain to France, did not extend to the Perdido river. The only territory east of the Mississippi river included in the Louisiana transferred and retransferred, was the Island of Orleans." Nor was it stipulated in her treaty of the year 1801 that the acquisition of Louisiana by France was a retrocession; that is to say that Spain restored to France what she had received from her in 1762. [T]he same day France ceded to England by the preliminaries of peace, all the territory to the eastward. Of this Spain received no part and could therefore give back none to France. All bears the name of Florida. It has been constantly designated in that way during the time that Spain held it. It bears the same name in the treaties of limits between Spain and the United States; and in different notes of Mr. Livingston of a later date than the treaty of retrocession in which the name of Louisiana is given to the territory on the west side of the Mississippi; of Florida to that on the east side of it. [Y]ou must think as unnatural, after all the changes of sovereignty which that part of America has undergone, to give the name of Louisiana to the Mobile district as to territory more north of it, on the same bank of the river, which formerly belonged to France. These observations, sir, will be sufficient to dispel every kind of doubt with regard to the extent of the retrocession made by Spain to France. It was under this impression that the Spanish and French Plenipotentiaries negotiated. [During] the whole course of these negotiations, the Spanish government has constantly refused to cede any part of the Floridas. [M]oreover, Gen. Bournouville was charged to open a new negotiation with Spain for the acquisition of the Floridas. His project which has not been followed by any treaty is an evident proof that France had not acquired by the treaty retroceding Louisiana the country east of the Mississippi. p. 82
Изменение американской позиции
До мая 1803 года посланник США Роберт Ливингстон утверждал, что Западная Флорида не входила в состав Луизианы. Однако неоднозначная третья статья договора с Ильдефонсо послужила его цели, хотя ему пришлось принять интерпретацию, которую Франция не выдвигала, а Испания не допускала. Сс. 87–88
Осенью 1803 года Джефферсон "изложил свои взгляды в памфлете под названием «Границы и пределы Луизианы». Джефферсон попросил некоторых американских чиновников в приграничной зоне «сообщить ему их мнение о картографии Луизианы». Даниэль Кларк, наиболее информированный из них, не считал, что уступка простирается за пределы линии, установленной в Договоре 1763 года, и [Уильям] Данбар разделял его мнение. [Уильям К. К.] Клейборн и Джон Сибли из Натчитоша склонялись к поддержке претензии на Пердидо, но их взгляды, по-видимому, определялись политикой, а не точной информацией. Суть их ответов не принесла президенту никакого утешения". Сс. 97–100
Джефферсон "очевидно разрешил Конгрессу принять закон, чтобы проверить сопротивление Испании [американской] претензии. Когда это оказалось неожиданно сильным, он заколебался и, по сути, возложил на Рэндольфа основную часть вины за неудачное законодательство". Раздраженный председатель Комитета по средствам и средствам не забыл оскорбления. Сс. 109–110
В октябре 1804 года Монро прибыл в Париж из Лондона по пути в Мадрид. "Монро хотел напомнить Талейрану [в письме] об обещании Наполеона годом ранее помочь Соединенным Штатам в приобретении Флорид". После отъезда Монро в Мадрид Наполеон "поручил Талейрану заявить об абсолютной необоснованности американской претензии на Западную Флориду и выразить саркастический интерес к исходу столь необычных переговоров". Заявление Талейрана от 8 ноября 1804 года (см. выше) "в сочетании с другими предыдущими заявлениями во многом способствовало провалу его миссии". Сс. 116–117
"Предупрежденный докладами из-за границы, президент теперь ожидал, что его посланники прервут бесперспективные переговоры и просто попытаются обеспечить себе привилегию плавания по Мобилу. Мэдисон был готов полностью отказаться от американской претензии на Западную Флориду". С. 118
В Мадриде 12 мая 1805 года Монро и американский посланник Чарльз Пинкни представили Испании "окончательные условия, на которых они были уполномочены урегулировать спорные вопросы между двумя правительствами. Предложения были полностью отклонены, и мистер Монро, считая переговоры завершенными, попросил и получил свои паспорта", признав "полный провал миссии во всех ее целях". Сс. 46–47
Чемберс также объясняет, что "когда Соединенные Штаты приобрели Луизиану, они получили оспариваемое право собственности, которое, если бы Испания была на пике своей мощи, никогда бы не было признано". Хотя правительство Испании платило Джеймсу Уилкинсону около 4000 долларов в год, он тем не менее возглавил подразделение армии США, которое осуществило эту захват, единственное постоянное территориальное приобретение во время войны 1812 года. 12–15 сентября 1814 года Королевский флот, Королевская морская пехота и мускоги атаковали Мобильный пункт в Первой битве при Форте Бойер; HMS Hermes сел на мель во время неудачной бомбардировки и был сожжен британцами. 8 февраля 1815 года во Второй битве при Форте Бойер Королевский флот высадил солдат, которые успешно установили пушки, гаубицы, минометы и ракетные установки Конгрева, и форт был сдан 12 февраля. Однако 13 февраля прибыл HMS Brazen с известием о Гентском договоре. 17 июля 1821 года полковник Хосе Мария Каллава, испанский губернатор Западной Флориды, официально передал Западную Флориду генералу США Эндрю Джексону.