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Содержание
Введение
Спорт, требующий силы и гибкости
Sport requiring strength and flexibility
Гимнастика – это вид спорта, включающий в себя физические упражнения, требующие баланса, силы, гибкости, ловкости, координации, артистизма и выносливости. Движения, выполняемые в гимнастике, способствуют развитию мышц рук, ног, плеч, спины, груди и брюшного пресса. Гимнастика произошла от упражнений, использовавшихся древними греками, включавших навыки верховой езды и цирковые выступления. Наиболее распространенной формой соревновательной гимнастики является спортивная гимнастика (AG), которая для женщин (WAG) состоит из вольных упражнений, опорного прыжка, разновысоких брусьев и бревна, а для мужчин (MAG) – из вольных упражнений, опорного прыжка, колец, коня-помелов, параллельных брусьев и перекладины. Руководящим органом соревнований по гимнастике во всем мире является Международная федерация гимнастики (FIG). FIG регулирует восемь видов спорта, включая гимнастику для всех, мужскую и женскую спортивную гимнастику, художественную гимнастику, акробатику на батуте (включая двойной мини-трамплин), акробатику, аэробику и паркур. Дисциплины, не признанные FIG, включают гимнастику на колесе, эстетическую групповую гимнастику, TeamGym и mallakhamba. Участниками гимнастических видов спорта являются дети, спортсмены-любители и спортсмены-профессионалы всех уровней подготовки.
Gymnastics is a type of sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, artistry and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and abdominal muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills. The most common form of competitive gymnastics is artistic gymnastics (AG), which consists of, for women (WAG), the events floor, vault, uneven bars, and beam; and for men (MAG), the events floor, vault, rings, pommel horse, parallel bars, and horizontal bar. The governing body for competition in gymnastics throughout the world is the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Eight sports are governed by the FIG, including gymnastics for all, men's and women's artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining (including double mini trampoline), tumbling, acrobatic, aerobic, and parkour. Disciplines not recognized by FIG include wheel gymnastics, aesthetic group gymnastics, TeamGym, and mallakhamba. Participants in gymnastics related sports include young children, recreational level athletes, and competitive athletes at all levels of skill.
Этимология
Слово «гимнастика» происходит от общегреческого прилагательного γυμνός ([[wikt:γυμνός#Ancient), через связанный с ним глагол γυμνάζω (gymnazo), означающий «тренироваться обнажённым», «заниматься гимнастическими упражнениями» или, в общем, «тренироваться, упражняться». Этот глагол получил такое значение, поскольку в древности атлеты тренировались и соревновались без одежды.
The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός ([[wikt:γυμνός#Ancient), by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to "train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing.
История
Гимнастика берет свое начало в упражнениях Древней Греции, в частности, в Спарте и Афинах. Упражнения того времени были задокументированы в труде Филострата «Гимнастика: этика спортивной эстетики». Изначальный термин для гимнастики происходит от греческого глагола γυμνάζω (gumnázō), который переводится как «тренироваться обнаженным», поскольку молодые люди занимались без одежды. В Древней Греции физическая подготовка ценилась как у мужчин, так и у женщин. Лишь после завоевания Греции римлянами в 146 г. до н.э. гимнастика приобрела более формализованный характер и стала использоваться для подготовки мужчин к войне. Основываясь на утверждении Филострата о том, что гимнастика является формой мудрости, сопоставимой с философией, поэзией, музыкой, геометрией и астрономией, дон Франсиско Аморос-и-Ондеано, испанский полковник, родившийся 19 февраля 1770 года в Валенсии и умерший 8 августа 1848 года в Париже, первым внедрил образовательную гимнастику во Франции. Немец Фридрих Людвиг Янн начал немецкое гимнастическое движение в 1811 году в Берлине, что привело к изобретению параллельных брусьев, колец, высокой перекладины, конь и опорного прыжка. Немцы Чарльз Бек и Чарльз Фоллен, а также американец Джон Нил привезли первую волну гимнастики в Соединенные Штаты в 1820-х годах. Бек открыл первую гимназию в США в 1825 году при школе Раунд-Хилл в Нортгемптоне, штат Массачусетс. Фоллен открыл первую университетскую и первую общественную гимназию в США в 1826 году при Гарвардском колледже и в Бостоне, штат Массачусетс, соответственно. Нил был первым американцем, открывшим общественную гимназию в США в Портленде, штат Мэн, в 1827 году. Он также документировал и продвигал эти ранние усилия в «Американском журнале образования» и «The Yankee», способствуя созданию американского отделения движения. Международная федерация гимнастики (FIG) была основана в Льеже в 1881 году. К концу XIX века соревнования по спортивной гимнастике среди мужчин стали достаточно популярными, чтобы быть включенными в первые современные Олимпийские игры в 1896 году. С тех пор и до начала 1950-х годов национальные и международные соревнования включали в себя разнообразные упражнения, объединенные под общим названием «гимнастика», такие как синхронные командные упражнения на полу, лазание по канату, прыжки в высоту, бег и горизонтальная лестница. В 1920-х годах женщины начали организовывать и участвовать в соревнованиях по гимнастике. Первые женские олимпийские соревнования были ограничены синхронными упражнениями и легкой атлетикой. Эти игры прошли в 1928 году в Амстердаме. К 1954 году спортивный инвентарь и программа соревнований для мужчин и женщин на Олимпийских играх были стандартизированы в современном формате, и были согласованы единые системы оценки (включая систему баллов от 1 до 15). В 1930 году Мэри Бэгот Стэк основала в Лондоне первую в Великобритании массовую организацию женщин, занимающихся гимнастикой, – Женскую лигу здоровья и красоты. В то время советские гимнасты поражали мир своей высокой дисциплиной и сложными выступлениями, создавая прецедент, который сохраняется и по сей день. Телевидение помогло популяризировать и открыть современную эру гимнастики. Как мужская, так и женская гимнастика привлекают значительный международный интерес, и выдающиеся гимнасты встречаются на каждом континенте. В 2006 году была внедрена новая система подсчета баллов для спортивной гимнастики. Оценка A (или D) – это оценка сложности, которая, начиная с 2009 года, основана на восьми элементах с наивысшим баллом в программе (за исключением опорного прыжка). Оценка B (или E) – это оценка исполнения, которая выставляется за качество выполнения упражнений.
Gymnastics can be traced to exercise to ancient Greece specifically to Sparta and Athens. Exercise of that time was documented by Philostratus' work Gymnastics: The Ethics of an Athletic Aesthetic. The original term for the practice of gymnastics is from the related Greek verb γυμνάζω (gumnázō), which translates as "to train naked or nude" because young men exercising trained without clothing. In ancient Greece, physical fitness was a highly valued attribute in both men and women. It was not until after the Romans conquered Greece in 146BC that gymnastics became more formalized and used to train men in warfare. Based on Philostratus' claim that gymnastics is a form of wisdom, comparable to philosophy, poetry, music, geometry, and astronomy,
Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, a Spanish colonel, born on February 19, 1770, in Valencia and who died on August 8, 1848, in Paris, was the first person to introduce educative gymnastics in France. The German Friedrich Ludwig Jahn began the German gymnastics movement 1811 in Berlin which led to the invention of the parallel bars, rings, high bar, the pommel horse and the vault horse. Germans Charles Beck and Charles Follen and American John Neal brought the first wave of gymnastics to the United States in the 1820s. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the US in 1825 at the Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts. Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the US in 1826 at Harvard College and in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively. Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the US in Portland, Maine in 1827. He also documented and promoted these early efforts in the American Journal of Education and The Yankee, helping to establish the American branch of the movement. The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that included, for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was limited, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928 in Amsterdam. By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. In 1930, the first UK mass movement organisation of women in gymnastics, the Women's League of Health and Beauty, was founded by Mary Bagot Stack in London. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. Television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With an A Score (or D score) being the difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault). The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution and is given for how well the skills are performed.
Признанные по фиг дисциплины
Следующие дисциплины регулируются ФИЖ.
The following disciplines are governed by FIG.
Художественная гимнастика
Художественная гимнастика обычно делится на мужскую и женскую гимнастику. Мужчины соревнуются в шести видах: вольные упражнения, конь, кольца, опорный прыжок, параллельные брусья и перекладина, а женщины – в четырех: опорный прыжок, разновысокие брусья, бревно и вольные упражнения. В некоторых странах женщины в прошлом соревновались на кольцах, высокой перекладине и параллельных брусьях (например, в 1950-х годах в СССР). В 2006 году ФИГ внедрила новую систему судейства в художественной гимнастике, в которой оценки больше не ограничены 10 баллами. Эта система используется в США на соревнованиях высшего уровня.
Artistic Gymnastics is usually divided into Men's and Women's Gymnastics. Men compete on six events: Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Still Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, and Horizontal Bar, while women compete on four: Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings, high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the USSR). In 2006, FIG introduced a new point system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition.
Неровные прутки
На разновысоких брусьях гимнаст выполняет соревновательную программу, состоящую из упражнений на двух параллельных горизонтальных брусьях, установленных на разной высоте. Эти брусья изготовлены из стекловолокна, покрытого деревянным шпоном, чтобы предотвратить их поломку. Ранее брусья делали из дерева, но они часто ломались, что послужило стимулом для перехода на новые технологии. Высоту брусьев можно регулировать на 5 см в соответствии с ростом гимнаста, однако расстояние между брусьями в элитных соревнованиях для каждого гимнаста не меняется. В прошлом разновысокие брусья располагались ближе друг к другу. Со временем расстояние между ними увеличивалось, что позволило гимнастам выполнять маховые, вращательные, переходные и освобождающие элементы, проходящие над, под и между брусьями. На элитном уровне упражнения должны включать элементы, выполняемые в стойке на руках. Гимнасты часто используют трамплин или мат для запрыгивания на разновысокие брусья. При выполнении упражнений гимнасты могут использовать мел (MgCO3) и кистевые бинты (кожаные полоски с отверстиями для пальцев, предназначенные для защиты рук и улучшения хвата). Мел помогает удалять влагу с рук гимнастов, уменьшая трение и предотвращая появление мозолей и разрывов кожи; кистевые бинты обеспечивают более надежный хват.
On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a timed routine on two parallel horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The height of the bars may be adjusted by 5 cm to the size needed by individual gymnasts, although the distance between bars cannot be changed for individual gymnasts in elite competition. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. The bars have been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the Elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the uneven bars using a springboard or a small mat. Gymnasts may use chalk (MgCO3) and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) when performing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnasts' hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin of the hands); dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar.
Балансовый балкон
Гимнастка выполняет хореографическую композицию длительностью до 90 секунд, состоящую из прыжков, акробатических элементов, кувырков, поворотов и танцевальных элементов на мягкой балке. Балка находится на высоте от земли, имеет длину и ширину. Этот стационарный снаряд также может регулироваться по высоте. Гимнастка начинает 70-90-секундное упражнение с подъема на балку, используя либо взмах, либо прыжок. Это соревнование требует равновесия, гибкости, грации, осанки и силы.
The gymnast performs a choreographed routine of up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns and dance elements on a padded beam. The beam is from the ground, long, and wide. This stationary object can also be adjusted, to be raised higher or lower. The gymnast begins the 70 90 seconds exercise by mounting the beam by either a vault or a jump. The event requires balance, flexibility, grace, poise, and strength.
Пол
Упражнение, выполняемое в гимнастике на полу, называется вольные упражнения. Английская аббревиатура для этого вида гимнастики в системе судейства – FX. Ранее вольные упражнения выполнялись на голой площадке или на матах, например, борцовских. В настоящее время вольные упражнения проводятся на ковровом покрытии размером 12м × 12м, которое обычно состоит из твердого пенопласта поверх слоя фанеры, поддерживаемой пружинами, часто называемыми пружинным полом. Это обеспечивает упругую поверхность, которая при сжатии дает дополнительный отскок, позволяя гимнастам достигать большей высоты и более мягко приземляться после выполнения элемента. Гимнастки выполняют хореографическую композицию продолжительностью до 90 секунд во время вольных упражнений. В зависимости от уровня, гимнастка может выбирать свою собственную программу; однако на некоторых уровнях существуют обязательные программы, для которых используется стандартная музыка. На уровнях с третьего по шестой музыка и элементы программы одинаковы для каждого уровня. Однако в последнее время уровни были изменены. Теперь уровни с шестого по десятый являются произвольными, и гимнастки могут создавать собственные программы. На произвольных уровнях (с шестого по десятый) предъявляются требования к элементам в программе, но спортсменка может выбирать музыку без слов. Программа должна включать акробатические переходы, серии прыжков, выпады, танцевальные элементы, акробатические навыки, а также повороты или пируэты на одной ноге. Гимнастка может выполнить до четырех акробатических переходов, каждый из которых обычно включает в себя хотя бы один элемент полета без поддержки рук. Каждый уровень гимнастики требует от спортсменки выполнения разного количества акробатических переходов. На седьмом уровне в Соединенных Штатах гимнастка должна выполнить 2–3 перехода, а на уровнях с восьмого по десятый требуется не менее 3–4 переходов.
The event in gymnastics performed on the floor is called floor exercise. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is FX. In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. The floor event now occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs generally called a spring floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine for up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event. Depending on the level, the gymnast may choose their own routine; however some levels have compulsory routines, where default music must be played. Levels three to six the music is the same for each levels along with the skills within the routine. However, recently, the levels have switched. Now, levels 6–10 are optional levels and they get to have custom routines made. In the optional levels (levels six to ten) there are skill requirements for the routine but the athlete is able to pick her own music without any words. The routine should consist of tumbling passes, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or pivots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling passes, each of which usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2–3, and in levels 8–10, at least 3–4 tumbling passes are required.
Зачет
Оценка в гимнастике как юниорского олимпийского уровня, так и уровня NCAA использует шкалу 10.0. Уровни ниже 9-го автоматически начинают с оценки 10.0, если выполнены все требования к упражнению. 9-й и 10-й уровни, а также гимнастика NCAA начинаются с оценки ниже 10.0, и гимнасткам необходимо набирать бонусные баллы за связки и элементы, чтобы повысить свою стартовую оценку до 10.0. Во время выступления судьи снимают баллы за ошибки в технике выполнения элементов. Например, шаги при приземлении или согнутые стопы могут стоить от 0,05 до 0,1 балла, в зависимости от серьезности ошибки.
Scoring for both Junior Olympic and NCAA level gymnastics uses a 10.0 scale. Levels below Level 9 start from a 10.0 automatically if all requirements for an event are met. Levels 9 and 10, and NCAA gymnastics all start below a 10.0 and require gymnastics to acquire bonus points through connections and skills to increase their start value to a 10.0. During a routine, deductions will be made by the judges for flaws in the form of the technique of a skill. For example, steps on landings or flexed feet can range from .05 .1 off, depending on the severity of the mistake.
Пол
Мужские гимнасты также выступают на пружинном поле размером 12 на 12 метров. Серия акробатических связок выполняется для демонстрации гибкости, силы и чувства равновесия. Силовые элементы включают круги, равновесия (весы) и стойки на руках с подъема. Мужские вольные упражнения обычно состоят из нескольких связок общей продолжительностью от 60 до 70 секунд и выполняются без музыкального сопровождения, в отличие от женских вольных упражнений. Правила требуют, чтобы гимнаст касался каждого угла площадки хотя бы один раз во время выступления.
Male gymnasts also perform on a 12meter x 12meter spring floor. A series of tumbling passes are performed to demonstrate flexibility, strength, and balance. Strength skills include circles, scales, and press handstands. Men's floor routines usually have multiple passes that have to total between 60–70 seconds and are performed without music, unlike the women's event. Rules require that male gymnasts touch each corner of the floor at least once during their routine.
Лошадь-помель
Типичное упражнение на конь включает в себя работу как с одной, так и с двух ног. Одноногие элементы обычно представлены в виде "ножниц", элемента, часто выполняемого на коне. Однако, работа с двух ног является основной частью этого вида спорта. Гимнаст раскачивает обе ноги по круговой траектории (по часовой стрелке или против часовой стрелки, в зависимости от предпочтений) и выполняет различные элементы на всей поверхности коня. Для усложнения упражнения гимнасты часто включают вариации типичного кругового движения, выполняя повороты ("муры" и "шпиндели") или раскрепощая ноги ("флейры"). Упражнение завершается соскоком, который может быть выполнен либо перемахом через коня, либо приземлением после вариации стойки на руках.
A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work, however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse or landing after a handstand variation.
Все еще звонит
Кольца подвешены на стальном тросе с точки на высоте 5,75 метра от пола. Гимнасты должны выполнить упражнение, демонстрирующее равновесие, силу, мощь и динамичное движение, при этом стараясь не допускать раскачивания колец. Обязательно включение хотя бы одного элемента статической силы, но некоторые гимнасты могут выполнить два или три. Упражнение завершается соскоком.
The rings are suspended on wire cable from a point 5.75 meters from the floor. The gymnasts must perform a routine demonstrating balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while preventing the rings themselves from swinging. At least one static strength move is required, but some gymnasts may include two or three. A routine ends with a dismount.
Хранилище
Гимнасты разгоняются по дорожке длиной не более 25 метров, прежде чем выполнить мах и оттолкнуться от мостика. Гимнаст может самостоятельно выбрать точку старта на дорожке. Во время отталкивания от мостика (блокировки, выполняемой только движением плеча) необходимо сохранять положение тела. Затем гимнаст выполняет вращение и приземляется в стойку. В более сложных упражнениях перед приземлением могут добавляться различные винты и сальто. Успешное выполнение прыжка зависит от скорости разгона, длины маха, силы, генерируемой ногами и плечевым поясом, чувства тела в воздухе, качества приземления и скорости вращения в случае более сложных элементов.
Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a springboard. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while punching (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, how well they stuck the landing, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults.
Параллельные стержни
Мужчины выступают на двух перекладинах, выполняя серию махов, балансов и отпусканий, требующих большой силы и координации. Расстояние между перекладинами регулируется в зависимости от потребностей гимнастов и обычно составляет 2 метра в высоту.
Men perform on two bars executing a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength and coordination. The width between the bars is adjustable depending upon the actual needs of the gymnasts and usually 2m high.
Горизонтальная полоса
Стальной или стекловолоконный прут толщиной 2,8 см, поднятый на 2,5 м над площадкой для приземления, – это всё, за что гимнасту нужно держаться во время выполнения гигантских махов или гигантов (вперед или назад вращения вокруг прута в стойке на руках), элементов с отпусканием, вращений и смены направления. Используя весь импульс от гигантов и отпуская прут в нужный момент, гимнаст может достичь достаточной высоты для эффектных соскоков, например, тройного сальто назад. Обычно используются кожаные хваты для надежного удержания на перекладине и предотвращения порывов. При тренировках на этом снаряде часто применяются петли, чтобы гимнаст не упал с перекладины, осваивая новые элементы. Как и у женщин, мужчин-гимнастов оценивают по всем видам программы, включая технику выполнения, сложность и общую презентацию.
A 2.8 cm thick steel or fiberglass bar raised 2.5 m above the landing area is all the gymnast has to hold onto as he performs giant swings or giants (forward or backward revolutions around the bar in the handstand position), release skills, twists, and changes of direction. By using all of the momentum from giants and then releasing at the proper point, enough height can be achieved for spectacular dismounts, such as a triple back salto. Leather grips are usually used to help maintain a grip on the bar, and to prevent rips. While training for this event, straps are often used to ensure that the gymnast does not fall off the bar as they are learning new skills. As with women, male gymnasts are also judged on all of their events including their execution, degree of difficulty, and overall presentation skills.
Ритмическая гимнастика
Согласно правилам FIG, в ритмической гимнастике соревствуются только женщины. Это вид спорта, сочетающий в себе элементы балета, гимнастики, танца и владения предметами. Соревнования включают выполнение пяти отдельных упражнений с использованием пяти предметов: мяча, ленты, обруча, булав и скакалки – на гимнастическом ковре, с гораздо большим акцентом на эстетику, чем на акробатику. Существуют также групповые упражнения, в которых участвуют 5 гимнасток и 5 предметов по их выбору. Ритмические упражнения оцениваются по 30-балльной шкале: оценка за артистизм (хореографию и музыку) усредняется с оценкой за сложность элементов и затем суммируется с оценкой за исполнение. Международные соревнования делятся на соревнования среди юниоров (до шестнадцати лет, в зависимости от года рождения) и взрослых (для женщин старше шестнадцати лет, также в зависимости от года рождения). Гимнастки в России и Европе обычно начинают тренироваться в очень раннем возрасте, а пик их формы обычно приходится на конец подросткового возраста (15–19 лет) или начало двадцатых. Крупнейшими событиями в этом виде спорта являются Олимпийские игры, чемпионаты мира, чемпионаты Европы, Кубок мира и серия Гран-при. Первые чемпионаты мира были проведены в 1963 году, а дебют на Олимпийских играх состоялся в 1984 году.
According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for the difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution. International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, European Championships, World Cup and Grand Prix Series. The first World Championships were held in 1963 with its first appearance at the Olympics in 1984.
Аппаратура для гимнастики
Мяч Мяч изготавливается из резины или синтетического материала (эластичного пластика), при условии, что он обладает такой же упругостью, как и резина. Его диаметр составляет от 18 до 20 см, а минимальный вес – 400 г. Мяч может быть любого цвета и должен располагаться в ладони гимнаста, а не на запястье. Основные элементы упражнения с мячом включают броски, отскоки и перекаты. Гимнастка должна использовать обе руки и работать на всей площади ковра, демонстрируя непрерывное, плавное движение. Мяч должен подчеркивать линии тела гимнастки и сложность элементов. Обруч Обруч – это спортивный снаряд в ритмической гимнастике, который может быть изготовлен из пластика или дерева, при условии сохранения формы во время выполнения упражнения. Внутренний диаметр составляет от 51 до 90 см, а минимальный вес обруча – 300 г. Обруч может быть натурального цвета или полностью/частично покрыт одним или несколькими цветами, а также обмотан клейкой лентой того же или другого цвета. Основные требования к упражнению с обручем включают вращение вокруг руки или тела, перекаты, а также махи, круги, броски и прокручивание через и над обручем. Упражнения с обручем требуют мастерства владения снарядом и выполнения сложных акробатических элементов, таких как прыжки, скачки и повороты. Лента Лента изготавливается из атласа или аналогичной ткани любого цвета, может быть многоцветной и иметь рисунок. Сама лента должна быть не менее 35 г, шириной 4–6 см, а для старшей возрастной группы – минимальной длины 6 м (5 м для юниоров). Лента должна быть цельной. Конец, прикрепляемый к палочке, удваивается на длину до 1 м. Этот участок прошивается с обеих сторон. В верхней части допускается тонкое усиление или несколько машинных швов длиной до 5 см. Этот конец может заканчиваться петлей или иметь отверстие (маленькое отверстие, обработанное обметочным швом или металлическим кольцом) для крепления ленты. Лента крепится к палочке с помощью гибкого соединения, например, нити, нейлонового шнура или серии соединенных колец. Длина крепления не должна превышать 7 см (не считая петли или металлического кольца на конце палочки). Обязательные элементы упражнения с лентой включают взмахи, круги, «змеи» и спирали, а также броски. Для выполнения спиралей и кругов требуется высокая координация, так как любые случайные узлы на ленте приводят к штрафным баллам. Во время упражнения с лентой оцениваются плавные, широкие и текучие движения. Булавы Наиболее распространены булавы, изготовленные из нескольких частей. Булава состоит из внутреннего стержня, на который наматывается рукоятка из полиолефинового пластика, образуя воздушное пространство между ними. Это пространство обеспечивает гибкость и смягчает удар, делая булаву более удобной в руке. Пенопластовые наконечники и утяжелители дополнительно смягчают удар. Булавы изготавливаются в тонком европейском и более массивном американском стиле, а также в различных длинах, обычно от 19 до 21 дюйма (480–530 мм). Рукоятки и тела булав обычно обмотаны декоративным пластиком и лентой. Навыки, необходимые для работы с булавами, включают владение снарядом и выполнение акробатических элементов. Булавы бросаются поочередно из рук, каждая проходит под другой и ловится противоположной рукой. В простейшем варианте каждая булава совершает один оборот за бросок, при этом рукоятка сначала движется вниз и отбрасывается от бросающей руки. Однако часто выполняются двойные и тройные обороты, позволяющие бросать булаву выше для более сложных комбинаций и выполнения трюков, таких как вращения на 360 градусов. Веревка Снаряд может быть изготовлен из конопли или синтетического материала, сохраняющего легкость и гибкость. Длина веревки пропорциональна росту гимнастки. При удержании веревки ногами она должна доходить до подмышек гимнастки. На каждом конце веревки делается один или два узла для удобства удержания во время выполнения упражнения. На концах (за исключением всех остальных частей веревки) противоскользящий материал, цветной или нейтральный, может покрывать не более 10 см. Веревка должна быть окрашена полностью или частично, может иметь равномерный диаметр или постепенно утолщаться к середине, при условии, что утолщение выполнено из того же материала, что и веревка. Основные требования к упражнению с веревкой включают прыжки и скакалки. Другие элементы включают махи, броски, круги, вращения и фигуры восьмерки. В 2011 году ФИГ приняла решение исключить веревку из программы индивидуальных соревнований среди взрослых. Она по-прежнему используется в соревнованиях среди юниоров и иногда включается в программу групповых соревнований среди взрослых (например, в 2017–2018 годах).
BallThe ball is made of either rubber or synthetic material (pliable plastic) provided it possesses the same elasticity as rubber. It is from 18 to 20 cm in diameter and must have a minimum weight of 400g. The ball can be of any color and should rest in the gymnast's hand, not the wrist. Fundamental elements of a ball routine include throwing, bouncing, and rolling. The gymnast must use both hands and work on the whole floor area while showing continuous flowing movement. The ball is to emphasize the gymnast's flowing lines and body difficulty. Hoop A hoop is an apparatus in rhythmic gymnastics and may be made of plastic or wood, provided that it retains its shape during the routine. The interior diameter is from 51 to 90 cm and the hoop must weigh a minimum of 300g. The hoop may be of natural color or be part of fully covered by one or several colors, and it may be covered with adhesive tape either of the same or different colors as the hoop. Fundamental requirements of a hoop routine include rotation around the hand or body and rolling, as well as swings, circles, throws, and passes through and over the hoop. The routines in hoop involve mastery in both apparatus handling and body difficulties like leaps, jumps, and pivots. Ribbon The ribbon is made of satin or another similar material cloth of any color and may be multi colored as well as have designs on it. The ribbon itself must be at least 35g (1 oz), 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4") in width and for senior category a minimum length of 6m (20') (5m (16.25') for juniors). The ribbon must be in one piece. The end that is attached to the stick is doubled for a maximum length of 1m (3'). This is stitched down both sides. At the top, a very thin reinforcement or rows of machine stitching for a maximum length of 5 cm is authorized. This extremity may end in a strap, or have an eyelet (a small hole, edged with buttonhole stitch or a metal circle), to permit attaching the ribbon. The ribbon is fixed to the stick by means of a supple attachment such as thread, nylon cord, or a series of articulated rings. The attachment has a maximum length of 7 cm (2.8"), not counting the strap or metal ring at the end of the stick where it will be fastened. Compulsory elements for the ribbon include flicks, circles, snakes and spirals, and throws. It requires a high degree of co ordination to form the spirals and circles as any knots which may accidentally form in the ribbon are penalised. During a ribbon routine, large, smooth and flowing movements are looked for. Clubs Multi piece clubs are the most popular clubs. The club is built along an internal rod, providing a base on which a handle made of polyolefin plastic is wrapped, providing an airspace between it and the internal rod. This airspace provides flex, cushioning impact, making the club softer on the hands. Foam ends and knobs further cushion the club. Multi piece clubs are made in both a thin European style or larger bodied American style and in various lengths, generally ranging from 19 to 21 inches (480 to 530 mm). The handles and bodies are typically wrapped with decorative plastics and tapes. The skills involved are apparatus mastery and body elements, Clubs are thrown from alternate hands; each passes underneath the other clubs and is caught in the opposite hand to the one from which it was thrown. At its simplest, each club rotates once per throw, the handle moving down and away from the throwing hand at first. However, double and triple spins are frequently performed, allowing the club to be thrown higher for more advanced patterns and to allow tricks such as 360s to be performed underneath. Rope This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should, when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. At the ends (to the exclusion of all other parts of the rope) an anti slip material, either coloured or neutral may cover a maximum of 10 cm (3.94 in). The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided that this thickening is of the same material as the rope. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaps and skipping. Other elements include swings, throws, circles, rotations and figures of eight. In 2011, the FIG decided to remove the use of rope from the program of senior individual competitions. It is still used in junior competitions and occasionally on the program for senior group competitions (eg. 2017–2018).
На батуте
Прыжки на батуте и акробатика состоят из четырех дисциплин: индивидуальный и синхронный батут, двойной мини-трамплин и акробатическая дорожка (также известная как силовая акробатика или дорожка). С 2000 года индивидуальные прыжки на батуте включены в программу Олимпийских игр. Первые чемпионаты мира были проведены в 1964 году.
Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual and synchronized trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling or rod floor). Since 2000, individual trampoline has been included in the Olympic Games. The first World Championships were held in 1964.
Индивидуальный батут
Индивидуальные упражнения на батуте включают в себя фазу разгона, в течение которой гимнаст многократно прыгает для достижения высоты, за которой следует серия из десяти непрерывных прыжков, во время которых гимнаст выполняет последовательность акробатических элементов. Упражнения оцениваются по максимальной шкале в 10 баллов. Дополнительные баллы (без максимального предела на высших уровнях соревнований) могут быть начислены в зависимости от сложности элементов и времени, затраченного на выполнение десяти элементов, что является показателем средней высоты прыжков. На соревнованиях высокого уровня проводятся два предварительных упражнения: одно, в котором оцениваются только два элемента по сложности, и другое, где спортсмен может выполнить произвольную программу. За ними следует финальное упражнение, которое является необязательным. В некоторых соревнованиях счет в финале начинается с нуля, в других финальный результат прибавляется к предварительным результатам.
Individual routines in trampolining involve a build up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.
Синхронизированный батут
Синхронные прыжки на батуте похожи, за исключением того, что оба спортсмена должны выполнять программу одновременно, и оценки выставляются как за синхронность, так и за технику и сложность элементов.
Synchronized trampoline is similar except that both competitors must perform the routine together and marks are awarded for synchronization as well as the form and difficulty of the moves.
Двойной мини-трамполин
Двойной мини-трамполин предполагает использование меньшего батута с разбегом, в ходе одной программы выполняются два элемента, оцениваемых судьями. Повторение комбинаций элементов в одном и том же порядке на двойном мини-трамpoline во время соревнований запрещено. Элементы могут повторяться, если один и тот же элемент выполняется в качестве монтировки в одной программе и спрыгивания в другой. Оценка производится аналогично оценке индивидуального батута.
Double mini trampoline involves a smaller trampoline with a run up, two scoring moves are performed per routine. Moves cannot be repeated in the same order on the double mini during a competition. Skills can be repeated if a skill is competed as a mounter in one routine and a dismount in another. The scores are marked in a similar manner to individual trampoline.
Сбивание
В этом виде спорта спортсмены выполняют взрывную серию переворотов и вращений по пружинящей дорожке. Оценка соревнований схожа с оценкой в прыжках на батуте. Tumbling впервые был представлен как одно из соревнований в мужской спортивной гимнастике на летних Олимпийских играх 1932 года, а также в 1955 и 1959 годах на Панамериканских играх. С 1974 по 1998 год он входил в программу чемпионатов мира по акробатической гимнастике как соревнование для обоих полов. С 1976 года соревнования проводятся на чемпионатах мира по трамплину и Tumbling. Соревнования по Tumbling проходят на 25-метровой пружинящей дорожке с 10-метровым разбегом. Пасс или серия состоит из 8 элементов, включающих стартовый элемент (обычно "раунд-офф"), серию "хлыстов" и завершающий элемент. Как правило, завершающий элемент является самым сложным в пассе. На высшем уровне гимнасты выполняют переходные элементы – это элементы, не являющиеся "хлыстами", а представляющие собой двойные или тройные сальто (обычно выполняемые в конце серии), но теперь выполняемые и в середине серии, соединяемые до и после "хлыстом" или "фликом".
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
+Общие типы элементов в Tumbling:
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Описание элемента:
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Раунд-офф – распространенный стартовый элемент, используемый во всех видах гимнастики для преобразования горизонтальной скорости в вертикальную. Раунд-офф обычно связывают с элементами вращения назад, такими как обратное сальто / вращение назад или обратная перекидка.
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Выпрыгивание – элемент, выполняемый в конце программы, это может быть двойное/тройное сальто, вращающееся сальто или комбинированное сальто.
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Обратная перекидка – длинное сальто, при котором гимнаст перемещается от ног к рукам и снова к ногам в обратном движении.
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Хлыст – длинное, низкое и быстрое сальто, выполняемое без помощи рук. Этот элемент уникален для Tumbling и является его визитной карточкой.
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Двойное сальто – гимнаст взлетает в воздух и совершает два полных оборота вокруг вертикальной оси, прежде чем приземлиться на ноги. Этот элемент выполняется в группировке, шпагате или прямом положении.
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Тройное сальто – гимнаст взлетает в воздух и совершает три полных оборота вокруг вертикальной оси, прежде чем приземлиться на ноги. Этот элемент выполняется в группировке или шпагате, и пока не был выполнен в прямом положении.
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Вращающееся сальто – одно сальто, во время которого гимнаст одновременно вращается вокруг горизонтальной оси. Это может быть выполнено как одинарный "полный" оборот, двойной оборот или тройной оборот.
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Комбинированное сальто – сальто, сочетающее в себе двойные/тройные сальто и вращательные элементы. Например, в "двойном прямом с двойным вращением" гимнаст совершает два оборота вокруг вертикальной оси и два оборота вокруг горизонтальной оси перед приземлением. Самыми сложными комбинированными сальто являются "полный в тройном шпагате" (три оборота вокруг вертикальной оси в шпагате с полным оборотом в первом вращении) или "миллер" (четыре оборота вокруг горизонтальной оси и два оборота вокруг вертикальной оси).
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Переходный элемент – это выполнение гимнастом двойного сальто или комбинированного сальто в середине серии, а не в качестве завершающего элемента. Тройные сальто или комбинированные сальто с тройным вертикальным вращением пока не были выполнены.
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Соревнования состоят из квалификационного и финального раундов. В Tumbling существует два типа соревнований: индивидуальные и командные. В командных соревнованиях три гимнаста из команды из четырех выполняют по одному пассу каждый. Если один пасс не удается, последнему члену команды разрешается выполнить свой пасс, при этом учитываются три лучших результата. В индивидуальных соревнованиях в квалификационном раунде участник выполняет два пасса: прямой пасс (включая двойные и тройные сальто) и вращающийся пасс (включая "хлысты" с полным вращением и комбинированные элементы, такие как "полный в спину"). В финале индивидуальных соревнований участник должен выполнить два разных пасса, которые могут быть как вращающимися, так и прямыми, но каждый пасс обычно включает в себя оба типа элементов (используя переходные элементы).
In Tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships. Tumbling is competed along a 25 metre sprung tack with a 10 metre run up. A tumbling pass or run is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either a whip or a flick. +Common Types of Skills in Tumbling Skill Explained Round off A common entry skill seen in every type of gymnastics to turn horizontal speed into vertical speed. A round off will most commonly be connected with a back tumbling skill, such as a backflip / back twist, or back handspring. DismountThe skill competed at the end of a routine, this is either a double/triple somersault, a twisting somersault or a combination somersault. Back Handspring A long somersault where a gymnast moves from feet to hands to feet again in a backwards motion. Whip A long, low and fast somersault done without the hands. This move is unique to tumbling and the trademark of the discipline. Double Somersault The tumbler launches into the air and rotates twice vertically around before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck, pike or straight position. Triple SomersaultThe gymnasts launches into the air and rotates three times vertically before landing on their feet. This skill is done in a tuck or pike position and has yet to be competed in the straight position Twisting Somersault A single somersault in which the tumbler rotates horizontally. This is can be done as a single 'full' twist, a double twist or a triple twist. Combination Somersault A somersault that is a combination of double/triple and twisting skills. For example in a double twisting double straight, the gymnast will rotate twice vertically and twice horizontally before landing. The hardest combination somersaults performed would be either the full in triple pike in which a gymnasts rotates vertically three times in a pike position with a full twist in the first rotation or 'the miller' in which a gymnast rotates horizontally four times and vertically twice. Transition SkillThis is where a gymnast performs either a double somersault or a combination somersault in the middle of their run as opposed to doing it as an end skill. No triple somersaults or combination somersaults involving a triple vertically rotation has yet to be competed. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one a straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills).
Женская гимнастика
Симон Байлс – американская гимнастка, известная своей невероятной сложностью и качеством исполнения, многократная чемпионка мира и Олимпийских игр. Надя Команечи – первая гимнастка, получившая оценку 10.0 на Олимпийских играх (1976). Габби Дуглас – американская гимнастка, выигравшая личное многоборье на Олимпийских играх 2012 года. Светлана Хоркина – российская гимнастка, известная своим артистизмом и многочисленными титулами чемпиона мира. Ольга Корбут – известная как "Воробей из Минска", она приобрела международную известность на Олимпийских играх 1972 года в Мюнхене. Суниса Ли – американская гимнастка, многократная медалистка. Каталина Понор – румынская гимнастка, многократная олимпийская чемпионка. Эли Райсман – американская гимнастка, двукратная участница Олимпийских игр и многократная медалистка. Мэри Лу Реттон – первая американская женщина, выигравшая олимпийское личное многоборье (1984).
Simone Biles American gymnast known for her incredible difficulty and execution, multiple time World and Olympic champion. Nadia Comăneci The first gymnast to score a perfect 10 in the Olympics (1976). Gabby Douglas American gymnast who won the individual all around champion at the 2012 Olympics. Svetlana Khorkina Russian gymnast known for her artistry and numerous World titles. Olga Korbut Known as the "Sparrow from Minsk," she gained international fame at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Sunisa Lee Huong American gymnast, multiple time medalist. Catalina Ponor Romanian gymnast, multiple time Olympic champion. Aly Raisman American gymnast, two time Olympian, and multiple time medalist. Mary Lou Retton The first American woman to win an Olympic all around title (1984).
Мужская гимнастика
Юрий Чечи – итальянский гимнаст, известный как "Властелин колец" за свои успехи в упражнениях на кольцах. Барт Коннер – американский гимнаст, двукратный олимпийский чемпион. Пол Хамм – первый американский гимнаст, выигравший олимпийское многоборье. Савао Като – японский гимнаст, один из самых успешных спортсменов в истории Олимпийских игр. Ли Сяопенг – китайский гимнаст, многократный чемпион мира и Олимпийских игр. Алексей Немов – российский гимнаст, известный своей харизмой и 12 олимпийскими медалями. Виталий Щербо – белорусский гимнаст, завоевавший шесть золотых медалей на Олимпийских играх 1992 года. Кохей Учимура – японский гимнаст, которого часто считают величайшим гимнастом всех времен.
Yuri Chechi Italian gymnast, known as the "Lord of the Rings" for his success in the rings event. Bart Conner American gymnast, two time Olympic gold medalist. Paul Hamm First American male gymnast to win the Olympic all around title. Sawao Kato Japanese gymnast, one of the most successful athletes in the history of the Olympics. Li Xiaopeng Chinese gymnast, multiple time World and Olympic champion. Alexei Nemov Russian gymnast known for his charisma and 12 Olympic medals. Vitaly Scherbo Belarusian gymnast who won six gold medals at the 1992 Olympics. Kohei Uchimura Japanese gymnast, often considered the greatest male gymnast of all time.
Другие дисциплины
Следующие дисциплины в настоящее время не признаются Международной федерацией гимнастики.
The following disciplines are not currently recognized by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique.
Эстетическая групповая гимнастика
Групповая эстетическая гимнастика (ГЭГ) берет свое начало от финского "naisvoimistelu". Она отличается от художественной гимнастики большей амплитудой и плавностью движений, а также большим количеством участниц в команде. В международных соревнованиях по ГЭГ спортсмены не используют предметы, в отличие от художественной гимнастики, где на ковре используются мяч, лента, обруч и булавы. Этот вид спорта требует таких физических качеств, как гибкость, равновесие, скорость, сила, координация и чувство ритма, при этом акцент делается на выразительности, текучести и эстетической привлекательности движений тела. Качественное выступление характеризуется синхронностью и единообразием. Соревновательная программа включает в себя разнообразные и сложные элементы, такие как волны, махи, равновесия, повороты, прыжки, танцевальные шаги и поддержки. Международная федерация эстетической групповой гимнастики (IFAGG) была основана в 2003 году. Первый Чемпионат мира по эстетической групповой гимнастике состоялся в 2000 году.
Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger. Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003. The first Aesthetic Group Gymnastics World Championships was held in 2000.
Командная гимнастика
TeamGym – это форма соревнований, созданная Европейским союзом гимнастики, изначально под названием EuroTeam. Первый официальный турнир был проведен в Финляндии в 1996 году. Соревнования TeamGym состоят из трех разделов: женские, мужские и смешанные команды. Спортсмены соревнуются в трех дисциплинах: упражнения на полу, акробатическая дорожка и батут. Для выступлений характерны эффективная командная работа, хорошая техника элементов и зрелищные акробатические навыки. Чемпионатов мира не проводится, однако чемпионаты Европы проводятся с 2010 года.
TeamGym is a form of competition created by the European Union of Gymnastics, named originally EuroTeam. The first official competition was held in Finland in 1996. TeamGym events consist of three sections: women, men and mixed teams. Athletes compete in three different disciplines: floor, tumbling and trampette. In common for the performance is effective teamwork, good technique in the elements and spectacular acrobatic skills. There is no World Championships however there has been a European Championships held since 2010.
Гимнастика на колесах
Гимнасты-колесники выполняют упражнения на большом колесе, известном как Ронрад, гимнастическое колесо, колесо для гимнастики или немецкое колесо, изначально также известном как айро-колесо, аэро-колесо и Рон-стержень. Существует четыре основные категории упражнений: прямая, спираль, опорный прыжок и колесо Cyr. Первый чемпионат мира был проведен в 1995 году.
Wheel gymnasts do exercises in a large wheel known as the Rhönrad, gymnastics wheel, gym wheel, or German wheel, in the beginning also known as ayro wheel, aero wheel, and Rhon rod. There are four core categories of exercise: straight line, spiral, vault and cyr wheel. The first World Championships was held in 1995.
Малакхамба
Маллахамба (маратхи: मल्लखम्ब) — традиционный индийский вид спорта, в котором гимнаст выполняет акробатические элементы и позы, взаимодействуя с вертикальным деревянным шестом или канатом. Это слово также обозначает сам шест, используемый в этом виде спорта. Название «маллахамба» происходит от слов «малла», означающего борца, и «кхамба», означающего шест. Таким образом, маллахамбу можно перевести на английский язык как «шестовая гимнастика». 9 апреля 2013 года штат Мадхья-Прадеш в Индии объявил маллахамбу государственным видом спорта. В феврале 2019 года первый чемпионат мира по маллахамбе был проведен в Мумбаи.
Mallakhamba (Marathi: मल्लखम्ब) is a traditional Indian sport in which a gymnast performs feats and poses in concert with a vertical wooden pole or rope. The word also refers to the pole used in the sport. Mallakhamba derives from the terms malla which denotes a wrestler and khamba which means a pole. Mallakhamba can therefore be translated to English as "pole gymnastics". On April 9, 2013, the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh declared mallakhamba as the state sport. In February 2019 the first Mallahkhamb World Championship was held in Mumbai
Неконкурентная гимнастика
Общая гимнастика, также известная как гимнастика для всех, позволяет людям всех возрастов и уровней подготовки участвовать в группах от 6 до более чем 150 спортсменов. Они могут выступать с синхронными, хореографическими композициями. Группы могут быть смешанными по половому признаку и разделяются на возрастные категории. Крупнейшим мероприятием в общей гимнастике является Всемирная гимнастрада, проводимая раз в четыре года, впервые состоявшаяся в 1939 году. В 1984 году гимнастика для всех была официально признана FIG (Международной федерацией гимнастики) сначала как спортивная программа, а затем и национальными федерациями гимнастики по всему миру, общее число участников которой сейчас достигает 30 миллионов. Несоревновательная гимнастика считается полезной для здоровья.
General gymnastics also known as Gymnastics for All enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They can perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million. Non competitive gymnastics is considered useful for its health benefits.
Уровни
В США женская спортивная гимнастика, известная как программа "Юниорские Олимпийские игры" (JO), имеет уровни от 1 до 10. Существуют два типа уровней: обязательная программа (уровни 1-5) и произвольная программа (уровни 6-10). Каждый уровень (от 1 до 10) имеет свой уникальный набор правил, сложность которых возрастает с каждым уровнем. После 10-го уровня следует уровень "Элита", который обычно соответствует олимпийскому уровню. Мужская спортивная гимнастика в рамках программы "Юниорские Олимпийские игры" также состоит из десяти уровней подготовки или соревнований, с несколькими возрастными группами на каждом уровне, что предоставляет спортсменам и тренерам возможности для участия и/или соревнований. С 2015 года Канада адаптировала женскую программу JO с некоторыми изменениями для использования в провинциях и территориях.
In the US, gymnastics levels for women called the Junior Olympic (JO) Program begins at 1 and goes to 10. The two kinds of levels are Compulsory (levels 1 5) and Optional (levels 6 10). Each level (1 10) has its own set of unique rules that ascend in difficulty level to level. Elite can follow 10 and is generally considered Olympic level. Men's gymnastics or The Junior Olympic Program consists of ten levels of training or competition with multiple age groups at each level creating opportunities for athletes and coaches to participate and or compete. Since 2015, Canada has adopted the women’s JO Program, with some modifications, for use in the Provinces and Territories.
Оценка (код баллов)
Результат выступления художественной гимнастки формируется из вычетов, производимых из стартовой стоимости элементов программы. Стартовая стоимость программы определяется сложностью элементов, которые гимнастка пытается выполнить, и соответствием программы требованиям к композиции. Требования к композиции различаются для каждого снаряда. Этот балл называется D-баллом. Вычеты за исполнение и артистизм производятся из максимального значения 10.0. Этот балл называется E-баллом. Итоговый балл рассчитывается путем сложения D- и E-баллов. Действующая система оценки, основанная на суммировании D- и E-баллов для получения итогового результата, используется с 2006 года. Эта система называется системой "открытого бала", поскольку теоретически не имеет ограничений (хотя на практике существует предел) для D-балла и, следовательно, для максимального возможного балла за программу. До 2006 года итоговый балл гимнастки вычитался из максимально возможного значения 10 за программу. Кодекс баллов, или руководство по оценке сложности и исполнения программы, незначительно пересматривается каждые четыре года, завершаясь олимпийским годом.
An artistic gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from the start value of a routine's elements. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus. This score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from a maximum of 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by adding the D and E score. The current method of scoring, by adding D and E score to give the final score has been in place since 2006. The current method is called "open end" scoring because there is no theoretical cap (although there is practical cap) to the D score and hence the total possible score for a routine. Before 2006, a gymnast's final score is deducted from a possible maximum of 10 for a routine. A Code of Points or guidelines of scoring a routine's difficulty and execution is slightly revised for each quadrennium, or period of four years culminating in the Olympics year.
Посадка
В кувырке, сходе или прыжке, приземление является заключительной фазой, следующей за разгоном и полетом. Это критически важный навык с точки зрения оценки исполнения на соревнованиях, общей эффективности и вероятности получения травм. Без достаточного поглощения энергии при ударе возрастает риск травм при выполнении переворотов. Эти травмы чаще всего возникают в нижних конечностях, такие как повреждения хрящей, разрывы связок и ушибы/переломы костей. Чтобы избежать подобных травм и добиться высоких результатов, гимнаст должен использовать правильную технику. "Последующий контакт с поверхностью или фаза приземления должны быть выполнены с помощью безопасного, эстетичного и технически правильного приземления на обе ноги". Успешное приземление в гимнастике характеризуется как мягкое, то есть угол сгибания коленного и тазобедренного суставов превышает 63 градуса. Гимнасты особенно подвержены риску травм стоп и запястий. Силовые тренировки могут помочь в профилактике травм.
In a tumbling pass, dismount, or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic, and well executed double foot landing." A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion. Gymnasts are at particular risk of foot and wrist injuries. Strength training can help prevent injuries.
Злоупотребление
Были также зафиксированы случаи эмоционального и сексуального насилия.
There have also been recorded cases of emotional and sexual abuse.
Проблемы с высотой
Гимнасты, как правило, невысокого роста, но маловероятно, что этот вид спорта влияет на их рост. Родители гимнастов также, как правило, ниже среднего роста.
Gymnasts tend to have short stature, but it is unlikely that the sport affects their growth. Parents of gymnasts tend also to be shorter than average.