Йокуты: история и культура коренных жителей Калифорнии.

Ethnic group native to the United States

the language

The Yokuts (previously known as Mariposas) are an ethnic group of Native Americans native to central California. Before European contact, the Yokuts consisted of up to 60 tribes speaking several related languages. Yokuts is both plural and singular; Yokut, while common, is erroneous. 'Yokut' should only be used when referring specifically to the Tachi Yokut Tribe of Lemoore. Some of their descendants prefer to refer to themselves by their respective tribal names; they reject the term Yokuts, saying that it is an exonym invented by English speaking settlers and historians. Conventional sub groupings include the Foothill Yokuts, Northern Valley Yokuts, and Southern Valley Yokuts.

Another name used to refer to the Yokuts was Mariposans. The endonym "Yokuts" itself means "people." There are many stories, depending on the tribe, on how the Yokuts and their land came to be but most follow a similar form. The creation story Once the world was completely covered in water. Then came an eagle and a crow. As they were flying they came upon a duck and asked the duck to bring up mud from the water so there can be land again. The duck did as he was asked and this mud became the land of the Yokuts. More specifically the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Coast Mountain Range. To this day the crow and the eagle continue to be symbolic figures in Yokuts religious ceremonies. In Yokuts culture men and women had different responsibilities. Men usually did the hunting, fishing, and building while the women gathered, maintained the home, and cared for the children. In 1853 malaria spread once again among the Yokuts killing more natives, by 1854 what was left of the Yokuts tribe were forced to move to the Fort Tejon Reservation. put the 1770 population of the Yokuts at 18,000. Several subsequent investigators suggested that the total should be substantially higher. Robert F. Heizer and Albert B. Elsasser 1980 suggested that the Yokuts had numbered about 70,000. They had one of the highest regional population densities in pre contact North America. The U. S. Senate failed to ratify any of the eighteen treaties in a secret vote cast on July 8, 1852, with every member either abstaining or voting no. The result of the vote was not made public until 1905. The newly organized state government took a different approach. In 1851, California Governor Peter Burnett said that unless the Indians were moved east of the Sierras, "a war of extermination would continue to be waged until the Indian race should become extinct". Over the course of the next 50 years, settlers and eventually the California State Militia would wage war on the Yokuts and other native tribes in what became known as the Californian Genocide. The Yokuts were reduced by around 93% between 1850 and 1900, with many of the survivors being forced into indentured servitude sanctioned by the California State Act for the Government and Protection of Indians. A few Valley Yokuts remain, the most prominent tribe among them being the Tachi. Kroeber estimated the population of the Yokuts in 1910 as 600. Today about 2,000 Yokuts are enrolled in the federally recognized tribe. An estimated 600 Yokuts are said to belong to unrecognized tribes.

Tarkumne South bank of Carquinez Strait, from Rodeo to Martinez. Bolbumne Antioch and Brentwood areas. Yachicumne Stockton area and along the lower Calaveras River. Laquisumne From the junction of the Mokelumne and Cosumnes Rivers south to Stockton. Apelumne South and east of Stockton, including Escalon, Manteca, French Camp, and Lathrop. Yalesumne From the Tuolumne River to north of the Stanislaus River, possibly as far north as the Cosumnes River. Hunezumne Stockton area. Chelumne Exact location in the delta is unknown. Chucumne Between the San Joaquin River and Stockton. Cosumne On the Cosumnes River from its junction with the Mokelumne to a point upstream ten miles above Sloughhouse. Mokelumne On the Mokelumne River from its junction with the Cosumnes to the foothills.

Hulpumne Byron to Tassajara. Cholbumne Byron to just south of Tracy, including Livermore Valley, Altamont, Patterson, and Corral Hollow passes. Hoyumne West of San Joaquin River and south of Tracy. Exact location unknown. Miumne Orestimba Creek Basin extending south to the Garzas Creek Basin and east to the San Joaquin River. Kahwatchwah San Joaquin River around the Mendota, Firebaugh, and Los Banos areas. Honoumne West of the San Joaquin River between the Kahwatchwah and the Miumne. Tucuyu South of the Kahwatchwah on Fresno and Fish Sloughs. Walakumne Between the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers. Suenumne Lower Stanislaus River. Tuolumne Lower Stanislaus River. Ausumne Lower Merced River. Chulumne Sand plains southwest of Stockton and opposite the Yachicumne. Chauchela (Chowchilla) Chowchilla River from the San Joaquin River to the Sierra Nevada foothills. Heuche Fresno River, from its junction with the San Joaquin River to the foothills. Hoyumne San Joaquin River from Herndon to Cottonwood Creek (Friant Dam). Shares name with Yokuts tribe south of Tracy. Pitkache (Pitkachi) San Joaquin River from Mendota Pool to Herndon.

Tache (Tachi) North and west shores of Tulare Lake, including Kettleman Hills and Kettleman Plains. Apiche North of Murphy Slough (lower Kings River drainage). Wimilche Along the north bank of the Kings River near Laton downstream to Fresno Slough. Nutúnutu Along the south bank of the Kings River near Laton downstream to Fresno Slough. Itecha (Aitecha) South bank of Kings River near Sanger. Across river and upstream from the Wéchikit, downstream from the Choinumne. Wéchikit North bank of Kings River east of Sanger downstream to the Reedley area, including parts of Wahtoke Creek. Chunut Northeastern shore of Tulare Lake and along the lower channels of the southern branches of the Kaweah River. Talumne Along Cross, Mill, and Packwood Creeks (lower Kaweah River delta), centered around Visalia. Gáwea North bank of the Kaweah River from Terminus Dam to Venice Hills. Yokodo South bank of the Kaweah River from Exeter to the foothills. Wólase Area around Cameron Creek (lower Kaweah River delta) east of Visalia. Choinok Junction of Outside and Deep Creeks (lower Kaweah River delta) south to Tulare. Wowol Southeastern shore of Tulare Lake, including Atwell Island (Alpaugh). Koyete Tule River from Highway 99 to Porterville. Yowlumne Lower Kern River/Bakersfield area, Caliente Creek, between Kern Lake and the Tehachapi Mountains and as far south as El Paso Creek. Tuhoumne Lower Kern River downstream from the Yowlumne. Also on Buena Vista Lake, Buena Vista Slough, and Goose Lake south of the Paleumne. Halaumne (Hometwole) Northern and western shores of Kern Lake. Tulumne The south, west, and north sides of Buena Vista Lake and as far west as the Taft and McKittrick areas.

Every tribe has a Head Chief, Winatun, and a Village Chief.