Введение
Вид птицы
The lilac breasted roller (Coracias caudatus) is an African bird of the roller family, Coraciidae. It is widely distributed in Southern and Eastern Africa, and is a vagrant to the southern Arabian Peninsula. Nesting takes place in a natural hole in a tree where a clutch of 2–4 eggs are laid, and incubated by both parents, who are extremely aggressive in defence of their nest, taking on raptors and other birds. During the breeding season the male will rise to a fair height (69 to 144 metres), descending in swoops and dives, Linnaeus based his description on "Le Rollier d'Angola" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The specific epithet caudatus is Latin meaning "tailed". The lilac breasted roller is one of nine species in genus Coracias, a group native to the open woodlands of western Eurasia and Africa. Two subspecies are recognized:
C. c. caudatus Linnaeus, 1766, the "lilac breasted roller", is found from central Kenya to northern South Africa, and westwards to the Atlantic coasts of Namibia and Angola
C. c. lorti Shelley, 1885, the "lilac throated roller" or "blue breasted roller" was originally described as a separate species, and is found from Eritrea to western Somalia and northeastern Kenya
Though not parapatric (their breeding ranges do not meet) there is no evidence of behavioural or ecological differences that would support C. c. lorti as a separate species. though males may be slightly larger than females. Juveniles, immatures and adults have the largest alula feather dark blue, but the primary coverts and rest of the alula azure. The proximal half of the remiges are also a brilliant azure, and the distal half black on the inner web, and dark purple blue on the outer webs. Immatures have the breast buffy with occasional lilac feathers and diffuse pale streaking. The average mass is 104 grams, and length ranges from 36 to 38 centimeters (inclusive of the tail streamer of 8 to 9 cm). Unique to rollers (family Coraciidae) are syndactyl feet, in which the second and third digits are fused. They may be confused with the sleeker Abyssinian roller in the Turkana Basin of Kenya, which however has dark blue upper tail coverts, an azure breast and distinctly spatulate tail streamers. Besides spatulate tail streamers, pinkish breasted racket tailed rollers have darker greater regime coverts and darker blue primary coverts.
Лиловогорлый роллер (Coracias caudatus) — африканская птица из семейства роллеров, Coraciidae. Широко распространен в Южной и Восточной Африке и залетает на юг Аравийского полуострова. Гнездится в естественных дуплах деревьев, где откладывает 2–4 яйца, которые высиживают оба родителя. Родители крайне агрессивно защищают гнездо, нападая на хищных птиц и других пернатых. В период размножения самец поднимается на значительную высоту (69–144 метров), совершая пикирования и крутые спуски. Линей основывал свое описание на "Le Rollier d'Angola", который был описан и проиллюстрирован в 1760 году французским зоологом Матюрином Жаком Бриссоном. Название вида *caudatus* происходит от латинского слова, означающего «хвостатый». Лиловогорлый роллер — один из девяти видов рода *Coracias*, обитающих в открытых лесах западной Евразии и Африки. Выделяют два подвида:
The lilac breasted roller (Coracias caudatus) is an African bird of the roller family, Coraciidae. It is widely distributed in Southern and Eastern Africa, and is a vagrant to the southern Arabian Peninsula. Nesting takes place in a natural hole in a tree where a clutch of 2–4 eggs are laid, and incubated by both parents, who are extremely aggressive in defence of their nest, taking on raptors and other birds. During the breeding season the male will rise to a fair height (69 to 144 metres), descending in swoops and dives, Linnaeus based his description on "Le Rollier d'Angola" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The specific epithet caudatus is Latin meaning "tailed". The lilac breasted roller is one of nine species in genus Coracias, a group native to the open woodlands of western Eurasia and Africa. Two subspecies are recognized:
C. c. caudatus Linnaeus, 1766, the "lilac breasted roller", is found from central Kenya to northern South Africa, and westwards to the Atlantic coasts of Namibia and Angola
C. c. lorti Shelley, 1885, the "lilac throated roller" or "blue breasted roller" was originally described as a separate species, and is found from Eritrea to western Somalia and northeastern Kenya
Though not parapatric (their breeding ranges do not meet) there is no evidence of behavioural or ecological differences that would support C. c. lorti as a separate species. though males may be slightly larger than females. Juveniles, immatures and adults have the largest alula feather dark blue, but the primary coverts and rest of the alula azure. The proximal half of the remiges are also a brilliant azure, and the distal half black on the inner web, and dark purple blue on the outer webs. Immatures have the breast buffy with occasional lilac feathers and diffuse pale streaking. The average mass is 104 grams, and length ranges from 36 to 38 centimeters (inclusive of the tail streamer of 8 to 9 cm). Unique to rollers (family Coraciidae) are syndactyl feet, in which the second and third digits are fused. They may be confused with the sleeker Abyssinian roller in the Turkana Basin of Kenya, which however has dark blue upper tail coverts, an azure breast and distinctly spatulate tail streamers. Besides spatulate tail streamers, pinkish breasted racket tailed rollers have darker greater regime coverts and darker blue primary coverts.
* *C. c. caudatus* Linnaeus, 1766, или лиловогорлый роллер, встречается от центральной Кении до северной Южной Африки и к западу до атлантического побережья Намибии и Анголы.
* *C. c. lorti* Shelley, 1885, или лиловогорлый роллер (иногда называемый голубогрудым роллером), первоначально был описан как отдельный вид и встречается от Эритреи до западной части Сомали и северо-восточной Кении.
The lilac breasted roller (Coracias caudatus) is an African bird of the roller family, Coraciidae. It is widely distributed in Southern and Eastern Africa, and is a vagrant to the southern Arabian Peninsula. Nesting takes place in a natural hole in a tree where a clutch of 2–4 eggs are laid, and incubated by both parents, who are extremely aggressive in defence of their nest, taking on raptors and other birds. During the breeding season the male will rise to a fair height (69 to 144 metres), descending in swoops and dives, Linnaeus based his description on "Le Rollier d'Angola" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The specific epithet caudatus is Latin meaning "tailed". The lilac breasted roller is one of nine species in genus Coracias, a group native to the open woodlands of western Eurasia and Africa. Two subspecies are recognized:
C. c. caudatus Linnaeus, 1766, the "lilac breasted roller", is found from central Kenya to northern South Africa, and westwards to the Atlantic coasts of Namibia and Angola
C. c. lorti Shelley, 1885, the "lilac throated roller" or "blue breasted roller" was originally described as a separate species, and is found from Eritrea to western Somalia and northeastern Kenya
Though not parapatric (their breeding ranges do not meet) there is no evidence of behavioural or ecological differences that would support C. c. lorti as a separate species. though males may be slightly larger than females. Juveniles, immatures and adults have the largest alula feather dark blue, but the primary coverts and rest of the alula azure. The proximal half of the remiges are also a brilliant azure, and the distal half black on the inner web, and dark purple blue on the outer webs. Immatures have the breast buffy with occasional lilac feathers and diffuse pale streaking. The average mass is 104 grams, and length ranges from 36 to 38 centimeters (inclusive of the tail streamer of 8 to 9 cm). Unique to rollers (family Coraciidae) are syndactyl feet, in which the second and third digits are fused. They may be confused with the sleeker Abyssinian roller in the Turkana Basin of Kenya, which however has dark blue upper tail coverts, an azure breast and distinctly spatulate tail streamers. Besides spatulate tail streamers, pinkish breasted racket tailed rollers have darker greater regime coverts and darker blue primary coverts.
Хотя ареалы размножения этих подвидов не пересекаются, нет никаких доказательств поведенческих или экологических различий, которые могли бы обосновать выделение *C. c. lorti* в отдельный вид, хотя самцы могут быть немного крупнее самок. У птенцов, молодых и взрослых птиц самое крупное перо на крыле (alula) темно-синее, а кроющие перья крыла и остальная часть alula — лазурные. Проксимальная половина маховых перьев также ярко-лазурная, а дистальная половина — черная на внутренней стороне и темно-фиолетово-голубая на внешней. У молодых птиц грудь буроватая с отдельными лиловыми перьями и нечеткой светлой полосатостью. Средняя масса тела составляет 104 грамма, а длина варьируется от 36 до 38 сантиметров (включая хвостовые перья длиной 8–9 см). Роллеры (семейство Coraciidae) уникальны наличием синдактильных стоп, у которых второй и третий пальцы сращены. Их можно спутать с более стройным абиссинским роллером в бассейне Туркана в Кении, у которого, однако, темно-синие верхние кроющие перья хвоста, лазурная грудь и отчетливо лопатообразные хвостовые перья. Помимо лопатообразных хвостовых перьев, розовогрудые роллеры с ракеткообразным хвостом имеют более темные кроющие перья маховых перьев и более темно-синие кроющие перья первого порядка.
The lilac breasted roller (Coracias caudatus) is an African bird of the roller family, Coraciidae. It is widely distributed in Southern and Eastern Africa, and is a vagrant to the southern Arabian Peninsula. Nesting takes place in a natural hole in a tree where a clutch of 2–4 eggs are laid, and incubated by both parents, who are extremely aggressive in defence of their nest, taking on raptors and other birds. During the breeding season the male will rise to a fair height (69 to 144 metres), descending in swoops and dives, Linnaeus based his description on "Le Rollier d'Angola" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The specific epithet caudatus is Latin meaning "tailed". The lilac breasted roller is one of nine species in genus Coracias, a group native to the open woodlands of western Eurasia and Africa. Two subspecies are recognized:
C. c. caudatus Linnaeus, 1766, the "lilac breasted roller", is found from central Kenya to northern South Africa, and westwards to the Atlantic coasts of Namibia and Angola
C. c. lorti Shelley, 1885, the "lilac throated roller" or "blue breasted roller" was originally described as a separate species, and is found from Eritrea to western Somalia and northeastern Kenya
Though not parapatric (their breeding ranges do not meet) there is no evidence of behavioural or ecological differences that would support C. c. lorti as a separate species. though males may be slightly larger than females. Juveniles, immatures and adults have the largest alula feather dark blue, but the primary coverts and rest of the alula azure. The proximal half of the remiges are also a brilliant azure, and the distal half black on the inner web, and dark purple blue on the outer webs. Immatures have the breast buffy with occasional lilac feathers and diffuse pale streaking. The average mass is 104 grams, and length ranges from 36 to 38 centimeters (inclusive of the tail streamer of 8 to 9 cm). Unique to rollers (family Coraciidae) are syndactyl feet, in which the second and third digits are fused. They may be confused with the sleeker Abyssinian roller in the Turkana Basin of Kenya, which however has dark blue upper tail coverts, an azure breast and distinctly spatulate tail streamers. Besides spatulate tail streamers, pinkish breasted racket tailed rollers have darker greater regime coverts and darker blue primary coverts.
Вокализация
Крик скворца-раскатчика с лиловой грудью – резкий, скрежещущий звук, похожий на "рак-рак-рак", который он издает в полете.
Распространение и среда обитания
Лилаковые ролики обитают в восточной и южной Африке, встречаясь локально на уровне моря и на высотах до 2000 метров над уровнем моря и выше. В охраняемых территориях лилаковые ролики – одни из видов птиц, которых часто можно увидеть на обочинах дорог, особенно во время пожаров, когда мелкие животные и насекомые, выходящие из укрытий, становятся легкой добычей. Такие низовые пожары выгоняют насекомых и других беспозвоночных, и можно наблюдать, как птицы стремительно нападают на добычу.
Разведение
Оба подвида, вероятно, моногамны и гнездятся поодиночке. В Восточной Африке они объединяются с другими охотниками из засады, такими как тайта-фискалы и бледноцветные мухоловки, чтобы использовать возможности, предоставляемые пожарами на лугах, а в Южной Африке их также можно увидеть в компании воздушных змеев, аистов, ласточек и пчелоедов, когда выжигание противопожарных полос выгоняет мелких животных на дороги, после чего они нападают и хватают добычу клювом. Если добыча небольшая, они проглатывают её прямо на земле. Эти агрессивные птицы уносят более крупную добычу на насест и бьют её, пока не разделят на части.
Статус
По данным Международного союза охраны природы и природных ресурсов (МСОП), лила-грудый скворец относится к видам, вызывающим наименьшие опасения. Широкий ареал и стабильная численность популяции способствуют такой оценке.