Чуньпийская конвенция: неудачная попытка мирного договора между Великобританией и Цинским Китаем.
Convention of Chuenpi
Чюаньпи: неудачная попытка мирного договора между Великобританией и Цинской империей в 1841 году. Условия отвергнуты обеими сторонами, но повлияли на Нанкинский договор.
Сравнивайте с английским: нажмите на абзац — оригинал откроется в окне. Кнопка EN под абзацем показывает его прямо в тексте.
Содержание
Введение
Договор, предложенный в 1841 году между цинской империей и Великобританией.
1841 proposed treaty between the Qing and United Kingdom
Чуэнпиская конвенция (также "Чуэнпи") представляла собой предварительное соглашение между британским полномочным представителем Чарльзом Эллиотом и китайским имперским комиссаром Цишаном во время Первой опиумной войны между Великобританией и династией Цин Китая. Условия соглашения были опубликованы 20 января 1841 года, но оба правительства отклонили их и отстранили Эллиота и Цишана от занимаемых должностей. Министр иностранных дел лорд Палмерстон заявил, что Эллиот добился слишком малого, в то время как император Даогуан считал, что Цишан уступил слишком много. Палмерстон назначил генерал-майора Генри Поттингера на место Эллиота, а император назначил Ян Фана на место Цишана, а также Ишана – главнокомандующим по подавлению мятежа и Лонгвэня – помощником командующего регионом. Хотя конвенция не была ратифицирована, многие её условия впоследствии были включены в Нанкинский договор (1842).
The Convention of Chuenpi (also "Chuenpee", ) was a tentative agreement between British Plenipotentiary Charles Elliot and Chinese Imperial Commissioner Qishan during the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China. The terms were published on 20 January 1841, but both governments rejected them and dismissed Elliot and Qishan, respectively, from their positions. Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston stated that Elliot acquired too little while the Daoguang Emperor believed Qishan conceded too much. Palmerston appointed Major General Henry Pottinger to replace Elliot, while the emperor appointed Yang Fang to replace Qishan, along with Yishan as General in Chief of Repressing Rebellion and Longwen as an assistant regional commander. Although the convention was unratified, many of the terms were later included in the Treaty of Nanking (1842).
Предыстория
20 февраля 1840 года министр иностранных дел лорд Палмерстон поручил совместным полномочным представителям капитану Чарльзу Эллиоту и его кузену адмиралу Джорджу Эллиоту добиться уступки как минимум одного острова для торговли на китайском побережье, наряду с другими условиями. В ноябре 1840 года, во время Первой опиумной войны, Джордж вернулся в Британию по состоянию здоровья, оставив Чарльза единственным полномочным представителем. В ходе переговоров с императорским комиссаром Цишаном Эллиот 29 декабря обратился с просьбой "предоставить место в открытом море, где британцы могли бы поднимать свой флаг и самостоятельно управлять, подобно тому, как это делают европейцы в Макао". Однако год завершился без достижения соглашения. Чтобы вынудить китайцев к уступкам, британцы 7 января 1841 года захватили форты у входа в пролив Хумен (Бог), после чего Цишань согласился рассмотреть требования Эллиота. Последовали переговоры в Богу, недалеко от Чуэнпи. 11 января Цишань предложил "предоставить место за пределами устья реки для временного размещения". Одним из факторов, возможно, повлиявших на выбор Гонконга, была неоднозначность китайского языка. Мэтисон полагал, что когда Цишань написал "поскольку мы уже предоставили вам территорию, вам не нужен другой порт", Эллиот в результате отказался от требований о британском доступе к порту в Северном Китае, надеясь, что сможет привязать Цишаня к такой интерпретации китайских иероглифов, при которой британцам был уступлен Гонконг, а не просто предоставлена торговая фактория.
On 20 February 1840, Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston instructed the joint plenipotentiaries Captain Charles Elliot and his cousin Admiral George Elliot to acquire the cession of at least one island for trade on the Chinese coast, amongst other terms. In November 1840, during the First Opium War, George returned to Britain due to ill health, leaving Charles as sole plenipotentiary. In negotiations with Imperial Commissioner Qishan, Elliot wrote on 29 December to "request a place in the outer sea, where the British can fly their flag and administer themselves, just as the Westerners do in Macao." However, the year ended with no agreement. To force Chinese concessions, the British captured the forts at the entrance of the Humen strait (Bogue) on 7 January 1841, after which Qishan agreed to consider Elliot's demands. Negotiations ensued at the Bogue near Chuenpi. On 11 January, Qishan offered to "grant a place outside the estuary to lodge temporarily". One factor that may have led to settling on Hong Kong was the perceived ambiguity of the Chinese language. Matheson believed that when Qishan wrote "as we have granted you territory you do not now require another port", Elliot as a result gave up demands of British access to a port in northern China in the hope that he could hold Qishan to an interpretation of the Chinese characters in which the British had been ceded Hong Kong rather than just being given a trading factory there.
Последствия
Форты были возвращены китайцам 21 января на церемонии в Чуэнпи, которую проводил капитан Джеймс Скотт, исполнявший обязанности губернатора форта. Церемония была повторена в Тайкоктоу. Военный секретарь Кит Маккензи заметил: "Я никогда не видел китайца, который бы с таким восторгом делал жест "чинь-чинь" [жест приветствия или прощания], как он, когда наши флаги опускались – он буквально подпрыгивал от радости". Два дня спустя Эллиот отправил бриг "Колумбайн" в Чжоушань с инструкциями эвакуировать его в Гонконг. Дубликаты этих депеш также были отправлены по суше императорской почтой. В то же время Цишань приказал Илибу, наместнику Лянцзяна, освободить британских военнопленных в Нинбо. Известие об условиях было отправлено в Англию на борту парохода Ост-Индской компании "Энтерпрайз", который покинул Китай 23 января. В тот же день Кантонская свободная пресса опубликовала мнение британских резидентов Китая относительно передачи Гонконга:
The forts were restored to the Chinese on 21 January in a ceremony on Chuenpi, which had been held by Captain James Scott as pro tempore governor of the fort. The ceremony was repeated at Taikoktow. Military secretary Keith Mackenzie observed: "I never saw a [Chinese] man in such an ecstasy of chin chin [a gesture of greeting or farewell], as he was, when our colours were lowered—he absolutely jumped for joy." Two days later, Elliot dispatched the brig Columbine to Zhoushan, with instructions to evacuate it for Hong Kong. Duplicates of these dispatches were also forwarded overland by the imperial express. At the same time, Qishan directed Yilibu, the viceroy of Liangjiang, to release the British prisoners at Ningbo. News of the terms was sent to England aboard the East India Company steamer Enterprise, which left China on 23January. On the same day, the Canton Free Press published the opinion of British residents in China regarding the cession of Hong Kong:
26 января 1841 года коммодор Бремер официально принял Гонконг с военно-морскими офицерами эскадры в Посессион-Пойнт, где был поднят флаг Юнион Джек под залпы радости от королевских морских пехотинцев и королевский салют с военных кораблей. Эта дата считается датой основания современного Гонконга.
On 26 January 1841, Commodore Bremer took formal possession of Hong Kong with the naval officers of the squadron at Possession Point, where the Union Jack was raised, under a feu de joie from the Royal Marines and a royal salute from the warships. This date is considered as the modern founding of Hong Kong.
Банкет
В тот же день, когда состоялась церемония в Гонконге, Эллиот покинул Макао на борту парохода «Немезис», чтобы встретиться с Кишаном на холме Лотоса возле пагоды Второго Бара и урегулировать соглашение. 100 морских пехотинцев с кораблей «Уэлсли», «Друид» и «Каллиопа» были доставлены на борту парохода «Мадагаскар» в качестве почетного караула Эллиота. Его сопровождали несколько офицеров, включая лейтенанта Энтони Стрэншема, капитана Томаса Герберта и капитана Томаса Мейтленда, а также военный оркестр «Уэлсли». Когда пароходы проходили через Богу, форты с обеих сторон салютовали тремя орудиями. Пароход ответил на салют, пока оркестр исполнял «Боже, храни королеву». Корабли прибыли слишком поздно вечером, чтобы высадиться, но Кишан отправил нескольких чиновников, сообщивших, что будут готовы принять их утром. В 9 утра, перебравшись на шлюпки пароходов и китайские лодки, предоставленные Кишаном, они отплыли к месту высадки, расположенному примерно в 0,25 мили (0 км) вверх по ручью. Это был первый случай в китайско-британских отношениях, когда высокопоставленный китайский чиновник принял британского представителя с тщательно подобранной свитой не как «варварского вассала», а как полномочного представителя. На обеде, устроенном для более чем двадцати человек, подавались различные блюда, включая суп из акульих плавников и птичьих гнезд. Эллиот и переводчик Джон Моррисон позже провели частную встречу с Кишаном, который не подписал соглашение, но согласился приостановить дело до эвакуации Чжошаня. В феврале 1841 года Кишан отправил императору доклад, который достиг Пекина 16 февраля. В нем были затронуты четыре основные темы, которые можно обобщить следующим образом:
On the same day as the Hong Kong ceremony, Elliot left Macao on board the steamer Nemesis to meet Qishan at Lotus Flower Hill near the Second Bar pagoda to settle the convention. 100 marines from the Wellesley, Druid, and Calliope were embarked on board the steamer Madagascar to be Elliot's guard of honour. He was accompanied by several officers, including Lieutenant Anthony Stransham, Captain Thomas Herbert, and Captain Thomas Maitland, as well as the military band of the Wellesley. As the steamers passed through the Bogue, they were saluted with three guns by the forts on both sides. The steamer returned the salute while the band played "God Save the Queen". The ships arrived too late in the evening to land, but Qishan sent a few staff who said he would be ready to receive them in the morning. At 9 am, after boarding the steamers' boats and Chinese boats provided by Qishan, they sailed to the landing place about 0.25 mile (0 km) up a creek. This was the first time in Sino British relations that a Chinese high official received a British representative, with a carefully selected suite, not as a "barbarian vassal" but as a plenipotentiary of standing. A series of dishes were served at the luncheon for over 20 people, including the shark's fin and bird's nest soups. Elliot and interpreter John Morrison later had a private meeting with Qishan, who did not sign the convention but agreed to put matters in abeyance until Zhoushan was evacuated. In February 1841, Qishan sent a memorial to the emperor which reached Beijing on 16 February. He covered four main topics, summarised as follows:
The forts – Located on small islands and having channels in the rear, foreign ships could easily blockade them and starve out the defenders. Canton can also be reached from other channels, not just the same route followed during peace time. The guns – Inadequate in number, with many obsolete and not in working order. They are placed at the front of the forts, leaving the sides undefended. The troops – The soldiers being used as marines are unused to ships and those normally employed for patrol duty are sometimes of poor quality. The Cantonese people – Even putting aside those considered "traitors", they have generally become so used to the foreigners that they no longer regard them as vastly different people and often get along with them. A small present such as a mechanical contrivance is enough to win over most of the people.
Форты – Расположенные на небольших островах и имеющие каналы в тылу, они легко поддавались морской блокаде, обрекая защитников на голод. В Кантон можно добраться и по другим каналам, а не только по тому, что использовался в мирное время.
On the same day as the Hong Kong ceremony, Elliot left Macao on board the steamer Nemesis to meet Qishan at Lotus Flower Hill near the Second Bar pagoda to settle the convention. 100 marines from the Wellesley, Druid, and Calliope were embarked on board the steamer Madagascar to be Elliot's guard of honour. He was accompanied by several officers, including Lieutenant Anthony Stransham, Captain Thomas Herbert, and Captain Thomas Maitland, as well as the military band of the Wellesley. As the steamers passed through the Bogue, they were saluted with three guns by the forts on both sides. The steamer returned the salute while the band played "God Save the Queen". The ships arrived too late in the evening to land, but Qishan sent a few staff who said he would be ready to receive them in the morning. At 9 am, after boarding the steamers' boats and Chinese boats provided by Qishan, they sailed to the landing place about 0.25 mile (0 km) up a creek. This was the first time in Sino British relations that a Chinese high official received a British representative, with a carefully selected suite, not as a "barbarian vassal" but as a plenipotentiary of standing. A series of dishes were served at the luncheon for over 20 people, including the shark's fin and bird's nest soups. Elliot and interpreter John Morrison later had a private meeting with Qishan, who did not sign the convention but agreed to put matters in abeyance until Zhoushan was evacuated. In February 1841, Qishan sent a memorial to the emperor which reached Beijing on 16 February. He covered four main topics, summarised as follows:
The forts – Located on small islands and having channels in the rear, foreign ships could easily blockade them and starve out the defenders. Canton can also be reached from other channels, not just the same route followed during peace time. The guns – Inadequate in number, with many obsolete and not in working order. They are placed at the front of the forts, leaving the sides undefended. The troops – The soldiers being used as marines are unused to ships and those normally employed for patrol duty are sometimes of poor quality. The Cantonese people – Even putting aside those considered "traitors", they have generally become so used to the foreigners that they no longer regard them as vastly different people and often get along with them. A small present such as a mechanical contrivance is enough to win over most of the people.
Орудия – Их было недостаточно, многие устарели и не были в рабочем состоянии. Они были установлены в передней части фортов, оставляя фланги незащищенными.
On the same day as the Hong Kong ceremony, Elliot left Macao on board the steamer Nemesis to meet Qishan at Lotus Flower Hill near the Second Bar pagoda to settle the convention. 100 marines from the Wellesley, Druid, and Calliope were embarked on board the steamer Madagascar to be Elliot's guard of honour. He was accompanied by several officers, including Lieutenant Anthony Stransham, Captain Thomas Herbert, and Captain Thomas Maitland, as well as the military band of the Wellesley. As the steamers passed through the Bogue, they were saluted with three guns by the forts on both sides. The steamer returned the salute while the band played "God Save the Queen". The ships arrived too late in the evening to land, but Qishan sent a few staff who said he would be ready to receive them in the morning. At 9 am, after boarding the steamers' boats and Chinese boats provided by Qishan, they sailed to the landing place about 0.25 mile (0 km) up a creek. This was the first time in Sino British relations that a Chinese high official received a British representative, with a carefully selected suite, not as a "barbarian vassal" but as a plenipotentiary of standing. A series of dishes were served at the luncheon for over 20 people, including the shark's fin and bird's nest soups. Elliot and interpreter John Morrison later had a private meeting with Qishan, who did not sign the convention but agreed to put matters in abeyance until Zhoushan was evacuated. In February 1841, Qishan sent a memorial to the emperor which reached Beijing on 16 February. He covered four main topics, summarised as follows:
The forts – Located on small islands and having channels in the rear, foreign ships could easily blockade them and starve out the defenders. Canton can also be reached from other channels, not just the same route followed during peace time. The guns – Inadequate in number, with many obsolete and not in working order. They are placed at the front of the forts, leaving the sides undefended. The troops – The soldiers being used as marines are unused to ships and those normally employed for patrol duty are sometimes of poor quality. The Cantonese people – Even putting aside those considered "traitors", they have generally become so used to the foreigners that they no longer regard them as vastly different people and often get along with them. A small present such as a mechanical contrivance is enough to win over most of the people.
Войска – Солдаты, используемые в качестве морской пехоты, не привыкли к морскому делу, а те, кто обычно занимался патрулированием, иногда были низкого качества.
On the same day as the Hong Kong ceremony, Elliot left Macao on board the steamer Nemesis to meet Qishan at Lotus Flower Hill near the Second Bar pagoda to settle the convention. 100 marines from the Wellesley, Druid, and Calliope were embarked on board the steamer Madagascar to be Elliot's guard of honour. He was accompanied by several officers, including Lieutenant Anthony Stransham, Captain Thomas Herbert, and Captain Thomas Maitland, as well as the military band of the Wellesley. As the steamers passed through the Bogue, they were saluted with three guns by the forts on both sides. The steamer returned the salute while the band played "God Save the Queen". The ships arrived too late in the evening to land, but Qishan sent a few staff who said he would be ready to receive them in the morning. At 9 am, after boarding the steamers' boats and Chinese boats provided by Qishan, they sailed to the landing place about 0.25 mile (0 km) up a creek. This was the first time in Sino British relations that a Chinese high official received a British representative, with a carefully selected suite, not as a "barbarian vassal" but as a plenipotentiary of standing. A series of dishes were served at the luncheon for over 20 people, including the shark's fin and bird's nest soups. Elliot and interpreter John Morrison later had a private meeting with Qishan, who did not sign the convention but agreed to put matters in abeyance until Zhoushan was evacuated. In February 1841, Qishan sent a memorial to the emperor which reached Beijing on 16 February. He covered four main topics, summarised as follows:
The forts – Located on small islands and having channels in the rear, foreign ships could easily blockade them and starve out the defenders. Canton can also be reached from other channels, not just the same route followed during peace time. The guns – Inadequate in number, with many obsolete and not in working order. They are placed at the front of the forts, leaving the sides undefended. The troops – The soldiers being used as marines are unused to ships and those normally employed for patrol duty are sometimes of poor quality. The Cantonese people – Even putting aside those considered "traitors", they have generally become so used to the foreigners that they no longer regard them as vastly different people and often get along with them. A small present such as a mechanical contrivance is enough to win over most of the people.
Жители Кантона – Даже если не принимать во внимание тех, кого считали «предателями», они в целом настолько привыкли к иностранцам, что перестали воспринимать их как людей, сильно отличающихся от них, и часто находили с ними общий язык. Небольшого подарка, например, механической игрушки, было достаточно, чтобы расположить к себе большинство из них.
On the same day as the Hong Kong ceremony, Elliot left Macao on board the steamer Nemesis to meet Qishan at Lotus Flower Hill near the Second Bar pagoda to settle the convention. 100 marines from the Wellesley, Druid, and Calliope were embarked on board the steamer Madagascar to be Elliot's guard of honour. He was accompanied by several officers, including Lieutenant Anthony Stransham, Captain Thomas Herbert, and Captain Thomas Maitland, as well as the military band of the Wellesley. As the steamers passed through the Bogue, they were saluted with three guns by the forts on both sides. The steamer returned the salute while the band played "God Save the Queen". The ships arrived too late in the evening to land, but Qishan sent a few staff who said he would be ready to receive them in the morning. At 9 am, after boarding the steamers' boats and Chinese boats provided by Qishan, they sailed to the landing place about 0.25 mile (0 km) up a creek. This was the first time in Sino British relations that a Chinese high official received a British representative, with a carefully selected suite, not as a "barbarian vassal" but as a plenipotentiary of standing. A series of dishes were served at the luncheon for over 20 people, including the shark's fin and bird's nest soups. Elliot and interpreter John Morrison later had a private meeting with Qishan, who did not sign the convention but agreed to put matters in abeyance until Zhoushan was evacuated. In February 1841, Qishan sent a memorial to the emperor which reached Beijing on 16 February. He covered four main topics, summarised as follows:
The forts – Located on small islands and having channels in the rear, foreign ships could easily blockade them and starve out the defenders. Canton can also be reached from other channels, not just the same route followed during peace time. The guns – Inadequate in number, with many obsolete and not in working order. They are placed at the front of the forts, leaving the sides undefended. The troops – The soldiers being used as marines are unused to ships and those normally employed for patrol duty are sometimes of poor quality. The Cantonese people – Even putting aside those considered "traitors", they have generally become so used to the foreigners that they no longer regard them as vastly different people and often get along with them. A small present such as a mechanical contrivance is enough to win over most of the people.
Возобновление боевых действий
Во время встречи 27 января император Даогуан получил донесение Кишаня, отправленное 8 января, о захвате британцами фортов Богу. Он приказал Кишаню через Гранд-совет:
During the meeting on 27 January, the Daoguang Emperor received a memorial Qishan sent on 8 January, reporting on the British capture of the Bogue forts. He instructed Qishan via the Grand Council:
"На этот вызов мятежности единственным ответом должно быть подавление и истребление. Если они не проявят благоразумия, нет смысла отдавать им приказы. Вы должны возглавить командиров и офицеров и не щадить усилий для их уничтожения, чтобы вернуть [потерянные территории]". Стремясь к мирному решению, Кишань ослушался приказа об атаке. Одним из пунктов соглашения было открытие порта Кантона для торговли в течение 10 дней после китайского Нового года, но объявления об открытии не последовало до 2 февраля. После 12 часов переговоров они достигли предварительной договоренности, но Кишань попросил 10 дней на ее подписание. 19 февраля корабль вернулся без ответа и подвергся обстрелу с острова Северный Вантун в районе Богу. На следующий день Бао вернулся с письмом.
To this display of rebelliousness, the only response can be to suppress them and wipe them out. If they show no reasonableness there is no point in trying to give them orders. You are to lead the commanders and officers and spare no effort in exterminating them, to recover [the lost territory]. In favour of a peaceful solution, Qishan defied orders to attack. One of the convention's terms was that the port of Canton was to be opened for trade within 10 days after the Chinese New Year, but no announcement for the opening appeared by 2 February. After negotiating for 12 hours, they reached a preliminary agreement, but Qishan asked for 10 days before he would sign it, On 19 February, the ship returned without any reply and came under fire from North Wangtong Island in the Bogue. The next day, Bao returned with the letter.
Увольнение
После ухода из Кантона 12 марта, Кишань предстал перед судом в Совете наказаний в Пекине. Ему предъявили несколько обвинений, включая предоставление "варварам" Гонконга в качестве места жительства, на что он заявил: "Я сделал вид, что поступаю так лишь под давлением обстоятельств, чтобы выиграть время, но не имел серьезных намерений". Суд объявил его предателем и приговорил к смерти. Однако после нескольких месяцев заключения ему разрешили, без официального статуса, вести переговоры с англичанами. 21 апреля лорд Палмерстон отстранил Эллиота от должности, посчитав достигнутые уступки недостаточными. Он полагал, что Эллиот обращался с его инструкциями как с "макулатурой", а Гонконг пренебрежительно называл "бесплодным островом, на котором едва ли есть постройки". В мае 1841 года генерал-майор Генри Поттингер из Бомбейской армии был назначен на замену Эллиоту. Поттингеру было выделено подкрепление, увеличившее экспедиционный корпус до 25 военных кораблей и 12 000 человек. Многие положения конвенции впоследствии были включены в Нанкинский договор 1842 года: уступка Гонконга (статья 3), выплата шести миллионов долларов в качестве контрибуции (статья 4) и установление равноправных отношений между странами (статья 11).
After leaving Canton on 12 March, Qishan stood trial at the Board of Punishments in Beijing. He faced several charges, including giving "the barbarians Hongkong as a dwelling place", to which he claimed, "I pretended to do so from the mere force of circumstances, and to put them off for a time, but had no such serious intention." The court denounced him as a traitor and sentenced him to death. But after being imprisoned for several months, he was allowed—without official rank—to deal with the British. On 21 April, Lord Palmerston dismissed Elliot, considering the concessions to be inadequate. He felt that Elliot treated his instructions as "waste paper" and dismissed Hong Kong as "a barren island with hardly a house upon it". In May 1841, Major General Henry Pottinger of the Bombay Army was appointed to replace Elliot. Pottinger was given reinforcements that enlarged the expedition to 25 warships and 12,000 men. Many of the convention's terms were later added in the Treaty of Nanking in 1842: the cession of Hong Kong (Article 3), a six million dollar indemnity (Article 4), and both countries being on an equal footing (Article 11).