Введение
Детская поэзия – это поэзия, написанная для детей, соответствующая их возрасту или нравящаяся им. Детская поэзия – один из древнейших видов искусства, уходящий корнями в ранние устные традиции, народную поэзию и потешки. Дети всегда любили как стихи, написанные специально для них, так и произведения, предназначенные для взрослых. На Западе, с изменением представлений о детстве, детская поэзия трансформировалась из средства обучения в форму развлечения. Первые наблюдения за тем, как поэзия влияет на детей, сделали The Opies, известные антологисты и литературоведы. Они отметили, что до середины XVIII века для детей писали немного, в основном ограничиваясь назидательными фразами. Баллады XVIII века положили начало современному жанру детской поэзии. Сегодня многие поэты (такие как Доктор Сьюз, Шел Сильверстайн и Джек Прелутски) известны прежде всего своими произведениями для детей, а многие поэты, пишущие в основном для взрослых (такие как Огден Нэш и Роберт Фрост), также известны любимыми детскими стихами.
Children's poetry is poetry written for, appropriate for, or enjoyed by children. Children's poetry is one of the oldest art forms, rooted in early oral tradition, folk poetry, and nursery rhymes. Children have always enjoyed both works of poetry written for children and works of poetry intended for adults. In the West, as people's conception of childhood changed, children's poetry shifted from being a teaching tool to a form of entertainment. The first glimpse of children being shaped by poetry was noted by The Opies, renowned anthologists and literary historians. They saw that before the mid eighteenth century there wasn't much written for children aside from encouraging phrases. Ballads of the 18th century launched the modern genre of children's poetry. Today, many poets (such as Dr. Seuss, Shel Silverstein, and Jack Prelutsky) are primarily known for their work aimed at children; many poets who primarily write for adults (such as Ogden Nash and Robert Frost) are also known for beloved children's poetry.
Детская поэзия
Поэзия универсальна во всех устных традициях мира, проявляясь в песнях и фольклоре, передаваемых из поколения в поколение. Древнейшие образцы детской поэзии, такие как зулусские *imilolozelo*, являются частью культурного устного наследия. Некоторые поэты сознательно писали стихи для детей, часто с целью преподать им нравственные уроки. Многие произведения той эпохи, например, "Трудящиеся фермеры", до сих пор изучаются детьми. Большая часть детской поэзии передавалась устно. Однако некоторые дети из обеспеченных семей имели доступ к рукописным учебникам, написанным в стихах. Первая детская книга, напечатанная в Новом Свете, – "Молоко для младенцев" Джона Коттона, извлеченное из груди обоих Заветов, главным образом для духовного питания бостонских младенцев в Англии, но может быть полезно и для других детей. Опубликованная в 1646 году, она представляла собой пуританский катехизис для детей. Как и прежде, многие произведения детской поэзии создавались для воспитания нравственных добродетелей в детях. "Божественные песни" Исаака Уоттса – яркий тому пример. Джей-Ри Таунсенд утверждает, что Исаак Уоттс был первым истинным поэтом для детей. Его произведения стали настолько популярными, что их пародировали такие писатели, как Илер Беллок и Эдвард Гори. Другие авторы, придерживающиеся морализаторских взглядов, например, Чарльз и Мэри Лэмб, стремились обучать, а не только проповедовать. На рубеже веков Редьярд Киплинг написал ряд замечательных стихотворений для детей, большинство из которых вошли в "Книгу джунглей" или "Сказки, рассказанные так", антологию рассказов, написанных Киплингом для своей дочери Эффи. Одним из пионеров иллюстрированных книг XX века был Леонард Лесли Брук, автор книг о персонаже по имени Джонни Кроу. Среди других известных детских поэтов начала XX века – Элеонора Фарджен, Лаура Э. Ричардс и Уолтер де ла Маре. Мэй Хилл Арбутнот описала Ричардс как "американского поэта-лауреата по части детской бессмыслицы", и она начала свою карьеру, сочиняя стихи для журнала *St. Nicholas*. Рэйчел Филд также стала популярной детской поэтессой того времени, благодаря своим книгам "Острые люди" и "Такси и грибы". За свою жизнь она опубликовала семь сборников стихов, а восьмой вышел посмертно. Ее книга "Молитва за ребенка" получила медаль Кальдекотта в 1945 году, спустя несколько лет после ее смерти. Лэнгстон Хьюз также стал видным поэтом в этот период, во время Гарлемского ренессанса. Он был одним из первых известных афроамериканских поэтов, чьи произведения широко читали дети. Хотя он в основном писал для взрослых, Хьюз создал сборник стихов под названием "Хранитель мечты", специально для детей. Доктор Сьюз внес два значительных вклада в детскую поэзию. Он стал пионером в создании иллюстрированных книг для начинающих читателей, использующих ограниченный словарный запас, чтобы помочь детям научиться читать. Он также умело сочетал мораль и бессмыслицу, что удавалось немногим детским авторам. Веселые и причудливые книги Сьюза до сих пор являются неотъемлемой частью семейного чтения и школьных программ, и помогли многим англоязычным детям научиться читать. В конце 1970-х годов ряд известных поэтов стали использовать игривый подход к детской поэзии, особенно с появлением "уличных стихов" в Великобритании. Он полагает, что через любую форму стиха дети могут познакомиться с языком и ритмом, заключенными в поэтической структуре. Она также утверждает, что ритмическая природа поэзии помогает детям расширять словарный запас и углублять понимание значений слов. Исследователи также отмечают, что поэзия и детские стишки универсальны для всех культур как часть устной традиции. Кроме того, Мика и Цици Ньони, в ходе изучения африканской системы коренных знаний, пришли к выводу, что стихи нельзя рассматривать исключительно как элемент "игры" для детей, поскольку они содержат глубокий смысл, с которым дети должны взаимодействовать. Они объясняют, что стихи прививают ценности и установки, которые направляют ребенка на протяжении всей его жизни, не покидая домашнего уюта. Наконец, несмотря на то, что современное общество в основном городское, и большинство детских поэтов выросли в городской среде, лишь немногие поэты затрагивают эту тему в своих произведениях. Среди исключений – Ричард Марголис, Пол Джейнчко и Гэри Сото, чьи взгляды формировались социальными проблемами, а также должность Детского поэта-лауреата – двухлетнее назначение, присуждаемое Фондом поэзии автору детской поэзии.
Rachel Field became another popular children's poet at this time, with her books The Pointed People and Taxis and Toadstools. She published seven collections of poetry throughout her life, with an eighth posthumous collection posthumously. Her book Prayer for a Child won the Caldecott Medal in 1945, a few years after her death. Langston Hughes also became a prominent poet around this time, during the Harlem Renaissance. He was one of the first notable African American poets to be widely read by children. While he mostly focused on poetry for adults, Hughes wrote a book of poems called The Dream Keeper specifically for children. Seuss made two great contributions to children's poetry. He pioneered the "early reader" picture book, which uses a limited number of words to help children learn to read. He also mixed morality and nonsense, in a way that few children's authors have successfully managed. Seuss' jaunty, zany books are a staple of families and classrooms to this day, and have helped many English speaking children learn to read. The late 1970s saw several notable poets taking a playful attitude to children's poetry, specifically with the rise of ‘urchin verse’ in the United Kingdom. He proposes that through any form of verse, children can be introduced to both language and rhythm held within poetic structure. She also suggests that the rhythmic nature of poetry helps children hoan their vocabulary and word meaning abilities. Scholars also see that poetry and nursery rhymes are universal throughout cultures as an oral tradition. Also, Mika and Tsitsi Nyoni found, through their study of the African Indigenous Knowledge System, that poems cannot be treated as solely an element of “play” for children because of the loaded content children need to interact with to engage in the activity. They go on to explain that poems instill values and attitudes that direct the child throughout the rest of their lives while remaining in the comfort of their own homes. Lastly, despite modern society being largely urban and, as a result, the majority of children's poets having this environment be a big part of their lived experience, very few poets have engaged with this topic in their work. A few of the exceptions are Richard Margolis, Paul Janeczko, and Gary Soto who all had their point of view driven by social issues. and the position of Young People's Poet Laureate, a two year appointment awarded by the Poetry Foundation to an author of children's poetry. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom the Poetry for Children: Signal Award was published in the journal, Signal: Approaches to Children's Books, from 1979 to 2001. North America The Lion and The Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry, established in 2005, is annually awarded by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
**Соединенное Королевство**
Rachel Field became another popular children's poet at this time, with her books The Pointed People and Taxis and Toadstools. She published seven collections of poetry throughout her life, with an eighth posthumous collection posthumously. Her book Prayer for a Child won the Caldecott Medal in 1945, a few years after her death. Langston Hughes also became a prominent poet around this time, during the Harlem Renaissance. He was one of the first notable African American poets to be widely read by children. While he mostly focused on poetry for adults, Hughes wrote a book of poems called The Dream Keeper specifically for children. Seuss made two great contributions to children's poetry. He pioneered the "early reader" picture book, which uses a limited number of words to help children learn to read. He also mixed morality and nonsense, in a way that few children's authors have successfully managed. Seuss' jaunty, zany books are a staple of families and classrooms to this day, and have helped many English speaking children learn to read. The late 1970s saw several notable poets taking a playful attitude to children's poetry, specifically with the rise of ‘urchin verse’ in the United Kingdom. He proposes that through any form of verse, children can be introduced to both language and rhythm held within poetic structure. She also suggests that the rhythmic nature of poetry helps children hoan their vocabulary and word meaning abilities. Scholars also see that poetry and nursery rhymes are universal throughout cultures as an oral tradition. Also, Mika and Tsitsi Nyoni found, through their study of the African Indigenous Knowledge System, that poems cannot be treated as solely an element of “play” for children because of the loaded content children need to interact with to engage in the activity. They go on to explain that poems instill values and attitudes that direct the child throughout the rest of their lives while remaining in the comfort of their own homes. Lastly, despite modern society being largely urban and, as a result, the majority of children's poets having this environment be a big part of their lived experience, very few poets have engaged with this topic in their work. A few of the exceptions are Richard Margolis, Paul Janeczko, and Gary Soto who all had their point of view driven by social issues. and the position of Young People's Poet Laureate, a two year appointment awarded by the Poetry Foundation to an author of children's poetry. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom the Poetry for Children: Signal Award was published in the journal, Signal: Approaches to Children's Books, from 1979 to 2001. North America The Lion and The Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry, established in 2005, is annually awarded by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
В Соединенном Королевстве премия *Poetry for Children: Signal Award* публиковалась в журнале *Signal: Approaches to Children's Books* с 1979 по 2001 год.
Rachel Field became another popular children's poet at this time, with her books The Pointed People and Taxis and Toadstools. She published seven collections of poetry throughout her life, with an eighth posthumous collection posthumously. Her book Prayer for a Child won the Caldecott Medal in 1945, a few years after her death. Langston Hughes also became a prominent poet around this time, during the Harlem Renaissance. He was one of the first notable African American poets to be widely read by children. While he mostly focused on poetry for adults, Hughes wrote a book of poems called The Dream Keeper specifically for children. Seuss made two great contributions to children's poetry. He pioneered the "early reader" picture book, which uses a limited number of words to help children learn to read. He also mixed morality and nonsense, in a way that few children's authors have successfully managed. Seuss' jaunty, zany books are a staple of families and classrooms to this day, and have helped many English speaking children learn to read. The late 1970s saw several notable poets taking a playful attitude to children's poetry, specifically with the rise of ‘urchin verse’ in the United Kingdom. He proposes that through any form of verse, children can be introduced to both language and rhythm held within poetic structure. She also suggests that the rhythmic nature of poetry helps children hoan their vocabulary and word meaning abilities. Scholars also see that poetry and nursery rhymes are universal throughout cultures as an oral tradition. Also, Mika and Tsitsi Nyoni found, through their study of the African Indigenous Knowledge System, that poems cannot be treated as solely an element of “play” for children because of the loaded content children need to interact with to engage in the activity. They go on to explain that poems instill values and attitudes that direct the child throughout the rest of their lives while remaining in the comfort of their own homes. Lastly, despite modern society being largely urban and, as a result, the majority of children's poets having this environment be a big part of their lived experience, very few poets have engaged with this topic in their work. A few of the exceptions are Richard Margolis, Paul Janeczko, and Gary Soto who all had their point of view driven by social issues. and the position of Young People's Poet Laureate, a two year appointment awarded by the Poetry Foundation to an author of children's poetry. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom the Poetry for Children: Signal Award was published in the journal, Signal: Approaches to Children's Books, from 1979 to 2001. North America The Lion and The Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry, established in 2005, is annually awarded by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
**Северная Америка**
Rachel Field became another popular children's poet at this time, with her books The Pointed People and Taxis and Toadstools. She published seven collections of poetry throughout her life, with an eighth posthumous collection posthumously. Her book Prayer for a Child won the Caldecott Medal in 1945, a few years after her death. Langston Hughes also became a prominent poet around this time, during the Harlem Renaissance. He was one of the first notable African American poets to be widely read by children. While he mostly focused on poetry for adults, Hughes wrote a book of poems called The Dream Keeper specifically for children. Seuss made two great contributions to children's poetry. He pioneered the "early reader" picture book, which uses a limited number of words to help children learn to read. He also mixed morality and nonsense, in a way that few children's authors have successfully managed. Seuss' jaunty, zany books are a staple of families and classrooms to this day, and have helped many English speaking children learn to read. The late 1970s saw several notable poets taking a playful attitude to children's poetry, specifically with the rise of ‘urchin verse’ in the United Kingdom. He proposes that through any form of verse, children can be introduced to both language and rhythm held within poetic structure. She also suggests that the rhythmic nature of poetry helps children hoan their vocabulary and word meaning abilities. Scholars also see that poetry and nursery rhymes are universal throughout cultures as an oral tradition. Also, Mika and Tsitsi Nyoni found, through their study of the African Indigenous Knowledge System, that poems cannot be treated as solely an element of “play” for children because of the loaded content children need to interact with to engage in the activity. They go on to explain that poems instill values and attitudes that direct the child throughout the rest of their lives while remaining in the comfort of their own homes. Lastly, despite modern society being largely urban and, as a result, the majority of children's poets having this environment be a big part of their lived experience, very few poets have engaged with this topic in their work. A few of the exceptions are Richard Margolis, Paul Janeczko, and Gary Soto who all had their point of view driven by social issues. and the position of Young People's Poet Laureate, a two year appointment awarded by the Poetry Foundation to an author of children's poetry. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom the Poetry for Children: Signal Award was published in the journal, Signal: Approaches to Children's Books, from 1979 to 2001. North America The Lion and The Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry, established in 2005, is annually awarded by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
Премия *The Lion and The Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry*, учрежденная в 2005 году, ежегодно присуждается издательством Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rachel Field became another popular children's poet at this time, with her books The Pointed People and Taxis and Toadstools. She published seven collections of poetry throughout her life, with an eighth posthumous collection posthumously. Her book Prayer for a Child won the Caldecott Medal in 1945, a few years after her death. Langston Hughes also became a prominent poet around this time, during the Harlem Renaissance. He was one of the first notable African American poets to be widely read by children. While he mostly focused on poetry for adults, Hughes wrote a book of poems called The Dream Keeper specifically for children. Seuss made two great contributions to children's poetry. He pioneered the "early reader" picture book, which uses a limited number of words to help children learn to read. He also mixed morality and nonsense, in a way that few children's authors have successfully managed. Seuss' jaunty, zany books are a staple of families and classrooms to this day, and have helped many English speaking children learn to read. The late 1970s saw several notable poets taking a playful attitude to children's poetry, specifically with the rise of ‘urchin verse’ in the United Kingdom. He proposes that through any form of verse, children can be introduced to both language and rhythm held within poetic structure. She also suggests that the rhythmic nature of poetry helps children hoan their vocabulary and word meaning abilities. Scholars also see that poetry and nursery rhymes are universal throughout cultures as an oral tradition. Also, Mika and Tsitsi Nyoni found, through their study of the African Indigenous Knowledge System, that poems cannot be treated as solely an element of “play” for children because of the loaded content children need to interact with to engage in the activity. They go on to explain that poems instill values and attitudes that direct the child throughout the rest of their lives while remaining in the comfort of their own homes. Lastly, despite modern society being largely urban and, as a result, the majority of children's poets having this environment be a big part of their lived experience, very few poets have engaged with this topic in their work. A few of the exceptions are Richard Margolis, Paul Janeczko, and Gary Soto who all had their point of view driven by social issues. and the position of Young People's Poet Laureate, a two year appointment awarded by the Poetry Foundation to an author of children's poetry. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom the Poetry for Children: Signal Award was published in the journal, Signal: Approaches to Children's Books, from 1979 to 2001. North America The Lion and The Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry, established in 2005, is annually awarded by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
Известные детские поэты
Аллан Ахльберг – английский писатель, известный несколькими бестселлерами детских книг, полных поэзии и детской литературы, иллюстрированных его женой Джанет. Арна Бонтемпс (1902–1973), родившийся в Александрии, штат Луизиана, и выросший в Калифорнии, – один из самых известных афроамериканских писателей двадцатого века. Он издал сборник детских стихотворений в 1968 году. Чарльз Лэмб (1775–1834), наиболее известен своими «Эссе об Элии» и детской книгой «Сказки из Шекспира», написанной в соавторстве с сестрой Мэри Лэмб (1764–1847). Денис Ли (род. 1939) – один из самых популярных канадских детских поэтов. Он был удостоен премии Канадской библиотечной ассоциации, премии Рут Шварц и Международного совета по книгам для молодёжи за свою книгу стихов для детей младшего возраста «Garbage Delight» (1977). Юджин Филд (1850–1895), родившийся в Сент-Луисе, штат Миссури, известен своими знаменитыми детскими стихами, такими как «Маленький мальчик в синем» и «Голландская колыбельная». Ив Мерриам (1916–1992) – американская писательница, известная своей поэзией, художественной литературой, нон-фикшн и пьесами для детей. В мире детской поэзии её неизменно хвалили за умелое использование размера, свободного стиха, бессмыслиц и социальной ответственности. Она часто экспериментировала с детскими жанрами, особенно расширяя границы традиционного понимания детской литературы. Джудит Виорст (род. 1931) известна своей юмористической наблюдательной поэзией и детской литературой. Майкл Розен (род. 1946) – телеведущий, детский романист и поэт. Его помнят за использование юмора и иронии в детской поэзии, а также за обращение к вопросам социальной справедливости и чувствительным темам. Больше всего его помнят за юмор и использование образного языка в его стихах. Сборник стихов Даля «Озорные рифмы» – это переосмысление шести известных сказок с неожиданными концовками вместо традиционного «жили долго и счастливо». Тони Миттон (1951–2022) – английский писатель. В 2014 году он получил поэтическую премию Центра грамотности в начальном образовании (CLPE) / CLIPPA за стихотворение «Wayland». Валери Блум (род. 1956) – ямайский поэт и романист, проживающий в Великобритании.
Valerie Bloom (b.1956) is a Jamaican born poet and a novelist based in the UK.