История китайских медиа: от прессы до компьютеров.

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A timeline of China's media related history, including computer hardware, software development, the history of the Internet, etc.

Following the Qing dynasty's defeat in the Opium Wars, the foreign powers forced China to open treaty ports for foreign settlement. The earliest newspapers in China developed in the treaty ports. In his widely publicized remarks with journalists at Jin Sui Daily in 1948, Mao said, "With our newspapers, too, we must rely on everybody, on the masses of the people, on the whole Party to run them, not merely on a few persons behind closed doors." Projectionists traveled through rural China showing films, a process modeled on the Soviet Union's use of mobile film teams to spread revolutionary culture. For example, films promoted rural collectivization. China invited some American reporters to China in 1956, but the administration of U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower refused, upholding its ban on travel to China. Shortly thereafter, the first state sanctioned computer development program began with the Chinese Academy of Sciences affiliated Beijing Institute of Computing Technology (ICT). In 1958, the first Chinese made computer was developed by the Institute of Military Engineering at the University of Harbin as part of the ICT. The computer, dubbed the 901, was a vacuum tube computer. The 901 was a copy of an earlier Soviet model.

After the Chinese stopped receiving Soviet technical and financial assistance in 1960, there was a deeply felt loss of technical expertise that stunted development. Additionally, the Cultural Revolution slowed technological progress. However, transistor based computers including the 109B, 109C, DJS 21, DJS 5 and C 2 were developed during the 1960s. there is little evidence that computers were being designed for widespread consumer use. While the number of newspapers declined in this period, the number of independent publications by mass political organizations grew. According to China's National Bureau of Statistics, the number of newspapers dropped from 343 in 1965, to 49 in 1966, and then to a 20th century low of 43 in 1967. Several Red Guard organizations also operated independent printing presses to publish newspapers, articles, speeches, and big character posters. Mobile film units brought Chinese cinema to the countryside and were crucial to the standardization and popularization of cultural during this period, particularly including revolutionary model operas. During the Cultural Revolution's early years, mobile film teams traveled to rural areas with news reels of Mao meeting with Red Guards and Tiananmen Square parades, and welcomed ceremoniously in rural communities. The Cultural Revolution Group drastically reduced ticket prices which, in its view, would allow film to better serve the needs of workers and of socialism. In 1978, China's aggressive plan for technological development was announced at the Chinese National Conference on Science and Technology. Further developing microcomputers, integrated circuits, and national databases were all declared priorities.

In the early 1983, there were approximately 162,000 film projection units in China. In 1982, the Shanghai Bureau of Education chose 8 elementary students and 8 middle school students from each district, and gave them very basic computer training. This is the first experiment using a computer in Chinese children's education. In 1983, the first Chinese supercomputer,"Galaxy," was developed. In 1985, the Great Wall 0520CH, was the first personal computer that used Chinese character generation and display technology, therefore capable of processing information in Chinese.

In 1990, Professor Qian Prof. Werner Zorn registered the country code top level domain CN. In 1994, the National Computing & Networking Facilities of China project opened a 64K dedicated circuit to the Internet, Since then, China has been officially recognized as a country with full functional Internet accessibility. Nationwide internet services are available to the general public. China's first Internet café soon followed. The MIIT required that six state owned companies, including the main telecommunications and internet providers China Mobile, China Unicom, and China Telecom, build the communications infrastructure and assist in financing the project. In 2020, China's market for films surpassed the U. S. market to become the largest such market in the world.