Введение
Британская аристократка Кэтрин Марджори Стюарт Мюррей, герцогиня Атолльская, DBE (урождённая Рамсей; 6 ноября 1874 – 21 октября 1960), известная как маркиза Туллибардин с 1899 по 1917 год, была британской аристократкой и политиком Шотландской юнионистской партии, чьи взгляды часто вызывали неодобрение в её партии.
Katharine Marjory Stewart Murray, Duchess of Atholl, DBE (née Ramsay; 6 November 1874 – 21 October 1960), known as the Marchioness of Tullibardine from 1899 to 1917, was a British noblewoman and Scottish Unionist Party politician whose views were often unpopular in her party.
Ранние годы и образование
Кэтрин Марджори Рамзи родилась в Эдинбурге 6 ноября 1874 года, дочь сэра Джеймса Генри Рамзи, 10-го баронета, и Шарлотты Фэннинг Рамзи (урождённой Стюарт). Она получила образование в Уимблдонской средней школе и Королевском музыкальном колледже. В школьные годы её знали как Китти Рамзи. 20 июля 1899 года она вышла замуж за Джона Стюарта Мюррея, маркиза Туллибардина, который в 1917 году унаследовал от своего отца титул 8-го герцога Атолла, после чего она официально стала именоваться герцогиней Атолл.
Политическая карьера
Известная как "Китти", Стюарт Мюррей активно участвовала в шотландской социальной службе и местном самоуправлении и в 1912 году вошла в состав чрезвычайно влиятельного "Комитета медицинской службы высокогорий и островов" (авторы Доклада Дьюара), которому широко приписывают создание предшественника Национальной службы здравоохранения. Она была председателем Консультативного совета по высокогорьям и островам.
As the Marchioness of Tullibardine she was an opponent of female suffrage, with Leah Leneman describing her as 'a key speaker at the most important Scottish anti suffrage demonstration', which took place in 1912. In 1913 she became vice president of the branch of the Anti Suffrage League based in Dundee. Despite this opposition to women gaining the right to vote in parliamentary elections, she went on to be the Scottish Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Kinross and West Perthshire from 1923 to 1938, and served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education from 1924 to 1929, the first woman other than a mistress of the robes to serve in a British Conservative government. She was the first woman elected to represent a Scottish seat at Westminster. The historian William Knox has argued that, like other early female MPs in the UK, "she literally inherited" her seat from her husband, but Kenneth Baxter disputes this, noting that her husband had stood down from the former West Perthshire seat in 1917 when he succeeded to the dukedom and that it had been won by a Liberal candidate in 1918 and 1922. Moreover, Baxter claims her victory in 1923 was not seen as "a foregone conclusion". Baxter also suggests that she placed her political allegiance ahead of any concept of gender unity, noting her campaigning for the male Unionist candidate in Edinburgh South at the 1922 general election against the Liberal Catherine Buchanan Alderton, contrasting this with Labour and Liberal women refusing to campaign against Lady Astor in Plymouth. She argued that she actively opposed totalitarian regimes and practices. In 1931, she published The Conscription of a People—a protest against the abuse of human rights in the Soviet Union. After reading the German edition of Mein Kampf she also condemned Nazi Germany. In 1936, she was involved in a long running battle in the pages of various newspapers with Lady Houston after the latter had become notorious for her outspoken support of Benito Mussolini. Stewart Murray had taken issue with Houston calling in the pages of the Saturday Review on the king to become British dictator in imitation of the European interwar dictatorships. According to her autobiography Working Partnership (1958), it was at the prompting of Ellen Wilkinson that in April 1937 she, Eleanor Rathbone, and Wilkinson went to Spain to observe the effects of the Spanish Civil War. In Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid she saw the impact of Luftwaffe bombing on behalf of the Nationalists, visited prisoners of war held by the Republicans and considered the impact of the conflict on women and children, in particular. Her book Searchlight on Spain resulted from the involvement, and her support for the Republican side in the conflict led to her being nicknamed by some the Red Duchess. She became active in the National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief, a cross party group coordinating aid to Spain. She later served as the group's chairwoman. She was instrumental in persuading the British government to accept child refugees fleeing the combat, 4,000 of which arrived on the SS Habana which sailed from Bilbao to Southampton in May 1937. Her role in the Spanish Civil War, however, was years later criticized by George Orwell, who saw the Duchess as the "pet of the Daily Worker", and someone who "lent the considerable weight of her authority to every lie the Communists happened to be uttering at the moment. Now she is fighting against the monster that she helped create. I am sure that neither she nor her Communist ex friends see any moral in this." Shortly before or even during 1938, she travelled to Romania where she visited "Satu Mare Romanian Women Association" in the city of Satu Mare, aiming to support the Romanian cause to preserve the state borders established in 1918, and to keep Hungary from regaining the territory that it lost in the Treaty of Trianon. She campaigned against the Soviet control of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary as the chairman of the League for European Freedom in Britain from 1945. In 1958, she published a description of her life with her husband entitled Working Partnership.
Как маркиза Туллибардина, она выступала против избирательного права для женщин, а Лия Ленеман описывает её как "ключевого оратора на самой важной шотландской демонстрации против избирательного права", состоявшейся в 1912 году. В 1913 году она стала вице-президентом Дандийского отделения Антисуфражной лиги. Несмотря на это, с 1923 по 1938 год она была шотландским южно-парламентским членом парламента (MP) от округа Кинросс и Западный Пертшир, а с 1924 по 1929 год – парламентским секретарем Совета по образованию, первой женщиной, не являвшейся фрейлиной, занявшей должность в британском консервативном правительстве. Она стала первой женщиной, избранной представлять шотландский округ в Вестминстере. Историк Уильям Нокс утверждал, что, как и другие женщины-депутаты в Великобритании, "она буквально унаследовала" свой мандат от мужа, но Кеннет Бакстер оспаривает это, отмечая, что её муж сложил полномочия в Западном Пертшире в 1917 году, когда стал герцогом, и что в 1918 и 1922 годах округ выиграл либеральный кандидат. Более того, Бакстер утверждает, что её победа в 1923 году не была предопределенной. Он также предполагает, что она ставила свои политические убеждения выше идеи гендерного единства, отметив, что она поддерживала кандидата-юниониста в Эдинбурге Южном на всеобщих выборах 1922 года против либералки Кэтрин Бьюкенен Алдертон, в отличие от женщин-лейбористов и либералок, отказавшихся участвовать в кампании против леди Астор в Плимуте. Она утверждала, что активно выступает против тоталитарных режимов и практик. В 1931 году она опубликовала книгу "Призыв народа" – протест против нарушения прав человека в Советском Союзе. После прочтения немецкого издания "Mein Kampf" она также осудила нацистскую Германию.
As the Marchioness of Tullibardine she was an opponent of female suffrage, with Leah Leneman describing her as 'a key speaker at the most important Scottish anti suffrage demonstration', which took place in 1912. In 1913 she became vice president of the branch of the Anti Suffrage League based in Dundee. Despite this opposition to women gaining the right to vote in parliamentary elections, she went on to be the Scottish Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Kinross and West Perthshire from 1923 to 1938, and served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education from 1924 to 1929, the first woman other than a mistress of the robes to serve in a British Conservative government. She was the first woman elected to represent a Scottish seat at Westminster. The historian William Knox has argued that, like other early female MPs in the UK, "she literally inherited" her seat from her husband, but Kenneth Baxter disputes this, noting that her husband had stood down from the former West Perthshire seat in 1917 when he succeeded to the dukedom and that it had been won by a Liberal candidate in 1918 and 1922. Moreover, Baxter claims her victory in 1923 was not seen as "a foregone conclusion". Baxter also suggests that she placed her political allegiance ahead of any concept of gender unity, noting her campaigning for the male Unionist candidate in Edinburgh South at the 1922 general election against the Liberal Catherine Buchanan Alderton, contrasting this with Labour and Liberal women refusing to campaign against Lady Astor in Plymouth. She argued that she actively opposed totalitarian regimes and practices. In 1931, she published The Conscription of a People—a protest against the abuse of human rights in the Soviet Union. After reading the German edition of Mein Kampf she also condemned Nazi Germany. In 1936, she was involved in a long running battle in the pages of various newspapers with Lady Houston after the latter had become notorious for her outspoken support of Benito Mussolini. Stewart Murray had taken issue with Houston calling in the pages of the Saturday Review on the king to become British dictator in imitation of the European interwar dictatorships. According to her autobiography Working Partnership (1958), it was at the prompting of Ellen Wilkinson that in April 1937 she, Eleanor Rathbone, and Wilkinson went to Spain to observe the effects of the Spanish Civil War. In Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid she saw the impact of Luftwaffe bombing on behalf of the Nationalists, visited prisoners of war held by the Republicans and considered the impact of the conflict on women and children, in particular. Her book Searchlight on Spain resulted from the involvement, and her support for the Republican side in the conflict led to her being nicknamed by some the Red Duchess. She became active in the National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief, a cross party group coordinating aid to Spain. She later served as the group's chairwoman. She was instrumental in persuading the British government to accept child refugees fleeing the combat, 4,000 of which arrived on the SS Habana which sailed from Bilbao to Southampton in May 1937. Her role in the Spanish Civil War, however, was years later criticized by George Orwell, who saw the Duchess as the "pet of the Daily Worker", and someone who "lent the considerable weight of her authority to every lie the Communists happened to be uttering at the moment. Now she is fighting against the monster that she helped create. I am sure that neither she nor her Communist ex friends see any moral in this." Shortly before or even during 1938, she travelled to Romania where she visited "Satu Mare Romanian Women Association" in the city of Satu Mare, aiming to support the Romanian cause to preserve the state borders established in 1918, and to keep Hungary from regaining the territory that it lost in the Treaty of Trianon. She campaigned against the Soviet control of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary as the chairman of the League for European Freedom in Britain from 1945. In 1958, she published a description of her life with her husband entitled Working Partnership.
В 1936 году она оказалась вовлечена в продолжительную полемику на страницах различных газет с леди Хьюстон, после того как последняя стала печально известна своей открытой поддержкой Бенито Муссолини. Стюарт Мюррей возражала против призыва Хьюстон на страницах Saturday Review к тому, чтобы король стал британским диктатором по примеру европейских диктатур межвоенного периода. Согласно её автобиографии "Рабочее партнерство" (1958), по настоянию Эллен Уилкинсон в апреле 1937 года она, Элеонора Ратбоун и Уилкинсон отправились в Испанию, чтобы наблюдать за последствиями Гражданской войны в Испании. В Валенсии, Барселоне и Мадриде она увидела последствия бомбардировок Люфтваффе, проводимых в поддержку националистов, посетила военнопленных, удерживаемых республиканцами, и оценила влияние конфликта на женщин и детей. Её книга "Прожектор на Испанию" стала результатом этой поездки, а поддержка республиканской стороны в конфликте привела к тому, что некоторые прозвали её Красной герцогиней. Она активно участвовала в работе Национального объединенного комитета по оказанию помощи Испании, межпартийной группы, координировавшей помощь Испании. Позже она стала председателем этой группы. Она сыграла важную роль в убеждении британского правительства принять детей-беженцев, спасавшихся от боевых действий, 4000 из которых прибыли на SS Habana, отплывшем из Бильбао в Саутгемптон в мае 1937 года. Однако её роль в Гражданской войне в Испании была позже подвергнута критике Джорджем Оруэллом, который считал герцогиню "любимицей Daily Worker" и человеком, который "придавал значительный вес своему авторитету каждой лжи, которую в данный момент распространяли коммунисты. Теперь она борется с монстром, которого помогла создать. Уверен, что ни она, ни её бывшие коммунистические друзья не видят в этом никакой морали".
As the Marchioness of Tullibardine she was an opponent of female suffrage, with Leah Leneman describing her as 'a key speaker at the most important Scottish anti suffrage demonstration', which took place in 1912. In 1913 she became vice president of the branch of the Anti Suffrage League based in Dundee. Despite this opposition to women gaining the right to vote in parliamentary elections, she went on to be the Scottish Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Kinross and West Perthshire from 1923 to 1938, and served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education from 1924 to 1929, the first woman other than a mistress of the robes to serve in a British Conservative government. She was the first woman elected to represent a Scottish seat at Westminster. The historian William Knox has argued that, like other early female MPs in the UK, "she literally inherited" her seat from her husband, but Kenneth Baxter disputes this, noting that her husband had stood down from the former West Perthshire seat in 1917 when he succeeded to the dukedom and that it had been won by a Liberal candidate in 1918 and 1922. Moreover, Baxter claims her victory in 1923 was not seen as "a foregone conclusion". Baxter also suggests that she placed her political allegiance ahead of any concept of gender unity, noting her campaigning for the male Unionist candidate in Edinburgh South at the 1922 general election against the Liberal Catherine Buchanan Alderton, contrasting this with Labour and Liberal women refusing to campaign against Lady Astor in Plymouth. She argued that she actively opposed totalitarian regimes and practices. In 1931, she published The Conscription of a People—a protest against the abuse of human rights in the Soviet Union. After reading the German edition of Mein Kampf she also condemned Nazi Germany. In 1936, she was involved in a long running battle in the pages of various newspapers with Lady Houston after the latter had become notorious for her outspoken support of Benito Mussolini. Stewart Murray had taken issue with Houston calling in the pages of the Saturday Review on the king to become British dictator in imitation of the European interwar dictatorships. According to her autobiography Working Partnership (1958), it was at the prompting of Ellen Wilkinson that in April 1937 she, Eleanor Rathbone, and Wilkinson went to Spain to observe the effects of the Spanish Civil War. In Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid she saw the impact of Luftwaffe bombing on behalf of the Nationalists, visited prisoners of war held by the Republicans and considered the impact of the conflict on women and children, in particular. Her book Searchlight on Spain resulted from the involvement, and her support for the Republican side in the conflict led to her being nicknamed by some the Red Duchess. She became active in the National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief, a cross party group coordinating aid to Spain. She later served as the group's chairwoman. She was instrumental in persuading the British government to accept child refugees fleeing the combat, 4,000 of which arrived on the SS Habana which sailed from Bilbao to Southampton in May 1937. Her role in the Spanish Civil War, however, was years later criticized by George Orwell, who saw the Duchess as the "pet of the Daily Worker", and someone who "lent the considerable weight of her authority to every lie the Communists happened to be uttering at the moment. Now she is fighting against the monster that she helped create. I am sure that neither she nor her Communist ex friends see any moral in this." Shortly before or even during 1938, she travelled to Romania where she visited "Satu Mare Romanian Women Association" in the city of Satu Mare, aiming to support the Romanian cause to preserve the state borders established in 1918, and to keep Hungary from regaining the territory that it lost in the Treaty of Trianon. She campaigned against the Soviet control of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary as the chairman of the League for European Freedom in Britain from 1945. In 1958, she published a description of her life with her husband entitled Working Partnership.
Незадолго до или даже в 1938 году она посетила Румынию, где посетила "Ассоциацию румынских женщин Сату-Маре" в городе Сату-Маре, чтобы поддержать румынское дело по сохранению государственных границ, установленных в 1918 году, и не допустить возвращения Венгрией территории, потерянной ею по Трианонскому договору. Она выступала против советского контроля над Польшей, Чехословакией и Венгрией в качестве председателя Лиги за европейскую свободу в Великобритании с 1945 года. В 1958 году она опубликовала описание своей жизни с мужем под названием "Рабочее партнерство".
As the Marchioness of Tullibardine she was an opponent of female suffrage, with Leah Leneman describing her as 'a key speaker at the most important Scottish anti suffrage demonstration', which took place in 1912. In 1913 she became vice president of the branch of the Anti Suffrage League based in Dundee. Despite this opposition to women gaining the right to vote in parliamentary elections, she went on to be the Scottish Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Kinross and West Perthshire from 1923 to 1938, and served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education from 1924 to 1929, the first woman other than a mistress of the robes to serve in a British Conservative government. She was the first woman elected to represent a Scottish seat at Westminster. The historian William Knox has argued that, like other early female MPs in the UK, "she literally inherited" her seat from her husband, but Kenneth Baxter disputes this, noting that her husband had stood down from the former West Perthshire seat in 1917 when he succeeded to the dukedom and that it had been won by a Liberal candidate in 1918 and 1922. Moreover, Baxter claims her victory in 1923 was not seen as "a foregone conclusion". Baxter also suggests that she placed her political allegiance ahead of any concept of gender unity, noting her campaigning for the male Unionist candidate in Edinburgh South at the 1922 general election against the Liberal Catherine Buchanan Alderton, contrasting this with Labour and Liberal women refusing to campaign against Lady Astor in Plymouth. She argued that she actively opposed totalitarian regimes and practices. In 1931, she published The Conscription of a People—a protest against the abuse of human rights in the Soviet Union. After reading the German edition of Mein Kampf she also condemned Nazi Germany. In 1936, she was involved in a long running battle in the pages of various newspapers with Lady Houston after the latter had become notorious for her outspoken support of Benito Mussolini. Stewart Murray had taken issue with Houston calling in the pages of the Saturday Review on the king to become British dictator in imitation of the European interwar dictatorships. According to her autobiography Working Partnership (1958), it was at the prompting of Ellen Wilkinson that in April 1937 she, Eleanor Rathbone, and Wilkinson went to Spain to observe the effects of the Spanish Civil War. In Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid she saw the impact of Luftwaffe bombing on behalf of the Nationalists, visited prisoners of war held by the Republicans and considered the impact of the conflict on women and children, in particular. Her book Searchlight on Spain resulted from the involvement, and her support for the Republican side in the conflict led to her being nicknamed by some the Red Duchess. She became active in the National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief, a cross party group coordinating aid to Spain. She later served as the group's chairwoman. She was instrumental in persuading the British government to accept child refugees fleeing the combat, 4,000 of which arrived on the SS Habana which sailed from Bilbao to Southampton in May 1937. Her role in the Spanish Civil War, however, was years later criticized by George Orwell, who saw the Duchess as the "pet of the Daily Worker", and someone who "lent the considerable weight of her authority to every lie the Communists happened to be uttering at the moment. Now she is fighting against the monster that she helped create. I am sure that neither she nor her Communist ex friends see any moral in this." Shortly before or even during 1938, she travelled to Romania where she visited "Satu Mare Romanian Women Association" in the city of Satu Mare, aiming to support the Romanian cause to preserve the state borders established in 1918, and to keep Hungary from regaining the territory that it lost in the Treaty of Trianon. She campaigned against the Soviet control of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary as the chairman of the League for European Freedom in Britain from 1945. In 1958, she published a description of her life with her husband entitled Working Partnership.
Другая работа
Она также была вице-президентом фонда Girls' Public Day School Trust с 1924 по 1960 год. Она также была увлеченным композитором и писала музыку на стихи Роберта Луиса Стивенсона. В 1927 году она открыла новое крыло школы Клифтон Хай в Бристоле вместе с директором, мисс Филлипс, и архитектором сэром Джорджем Оатли.
Она была тесно связана с полком своего мужа, Шотландской конницей (The Scottish Horse), и сочинила мелодию "The Scottish Horse" для исполнения на волынке.
Почести
Она была удостоена звания Дамы-командора Ордена Британской империи (DBE) в списке наград ко дню рождения 1918 года. В качестве вдовствующей герцогини Атолл она приняла на себя обязанности почетного полковника Шотландского конного полка в 1942 году и оставалась на этой должности до 1952 года.
Смерть
Кэтрин, герцогиня Атолльская, скончалась в Эдинбурге в возрасте 85 лет в 1960 году.