Ивонна де Голль: Жизнь и семья генерала

Wife of Charles de Gaulle (1900–1979)

Yvonne Charlotte Anne Marie de Gaulle (née Vendroux; 22 May 1900 – 8 November 1979) was the wife of Charles de Gaulle. The couple had three children: Philippe (1921–2024), Élisabeth (1924–2013), and Anne (1928–1948), who was born with Down syndrome. Yvonne de Gaulle, along with her husband, set up a charity, La fondation Anne de Gaulle, to help children with disabilities. Yvonne and Charles were married on 6 April 1921. She is known for the quote, "The presidency is temporary—but the family is permanent." She and her husband narrowly escaped an assassination attempt on 22 August 1962, when their Citroën DS was targeted by machine gun fire arranged by Jean Bastien Thiry at the Petit Clamart. Like her husband, Yvonne de Gaulle was a conservative Catholic, and campaigned against prostitution, the sale of pornography in newsstands, and the televised display of nudity and sex, which was echoed in her famous nickname, (“Auntie Yvonne”). Later, she unsuccessfully tried to persuade de Gaulle to outlaw miniskirts in France. Yvonne was reputed to be very discreet; as such, despite numerous appearances, she never gave any radio or televised interviews, and the broader public never learned the sound of her voice.

Yvonne Vendroux came from a family of Calais industrialists with Burgundian roots. The family name actually originated in The Netherlands, changed from the Dutch "Van Droeg" when the family emigrated during the era of William of Orange (also known as William III of England). William had decided to flood the fields during the 17th century to push back against the advance of troops from King Louis XIV. Yvonne's ancestor then married a Calaisienne during the French Revolution. Her father, Jacques, was the president of the Council of Administration of a biscuit company, while her mother, Marguerite (née Forest), came from a family in Ardennes, and became the fourth (some say sixth) woman in France to obtain a driver's license. She was the granddaughter of Alfred Corneau, industriel de Charleville Mézières. The Vendroux family spent their summers in the chateau in Notre Dame de Sept Fontaines abbey, in the Ardennes. Her eldest brother, Jacques Vendroux, (born 1897) became deputy and mayor of Calais. Her younger brother, Jean (born 1901) married Madeleine Schallier (1907 2000), fathered seven children, and died in an auto accident in 1956. Her sister Suzanne Vendroux (February 28, 1905, in Calais 27 December 1980 in Worthing, England) married Jean Rerolle (July 12, 1897, in Châteauroux 23 March 1978, Neuilly sur Seine) on 5 March 1934 in Fagnon. They had two children, Jacques Henri (21 January 1935, 17th arrondissement, Paris) and Marguerite Marie.

Yvonne's parents provided her with a strict education in keeping with their elevated social status and the customs of the era. She learned to read at home and studied with the Dominican Order of Asnières sur Seine (later moving to Périgueux), and was encouraged, as many girls were at the time, to become proficient in needlework. The children were expected to vousvoyer (i. e., use the formal "vous") their elders, and during World War I, went with their governesses to Canterbury, England, not returning to their parents in France until the end of the year. They were later settled in Wissant, a seaside community in Calais along the English Channel.

In 1934, the family acquired the "Brasserie" property, renaming it "la Boisserie," at Colombey les Deux Églises. The choice of area was made in reference to her husband's occupation as a military officer, as it was about midway between Paris, where the Ministry of Defence was situated, and the eastern part of the country, that bordered the then traditional enemy country of Germany. A passionate horticulturist, Yvonne de Gaulle treated the garden as her domain. The high walled surroundings were intended to protect their daughter Anne, who was afflicted with Down syndrome, from the indiscretion of the public. When Anne passed away in 1948 the family founded The Anne de Gaulle Foundation in her memory at the château de Vert Cœur, at Milon la Chapelle. Future French president Georges Pompidou became its director, and would subsequently become a close friend of the de Gaulles.

In June 1940, Yvonne evacuated herself and the children to Bretagne, where her husband briefly visited them, advising her to, if necessary, go south with the children. Despite this advice, she and the children took themselves to Brest, and left on a Dutch ferry that took them to Falmouth. This ferry turned out to be the last ship leaving the port before the advancing Germans took over the area. After arriving in Falmouth, the family rejoined her husband in London, where Philippe then joined the Free French Naval Forces (FNFL). Yvonne and the two daughters stayed with her husband during the war years, moving as he moved with the headquarters of the Free French, later the provisional government.

Paris having been liberated on 25 August 1944, Yvonne and her two daughters returned to France, first living in rented quarters while the Boisserie was repaired (because of a fire) and somewhat extended (the most visible sign being a tower where the General wanted his private office to be). Having returned to the Boisserie, the family was struck by the loss of their daughter, Anne, in 1948, and subsequently, Yvonne and Charles created the "Fondation Anne de Gaulle", which was defined to arrange for a home for young females that were mentally handicapped. Yvonne would continue to work with this foundation for the rest of her life. Apart from this, the time at the Boisserie passed peacefully for the couple, until the events of May 1958 called Charles back to service for his country.

Yvonne de Gaulle became the First Lady of France on 21 December 1958 when then Prime minister de Gaulle was elected President of the French Republic. The couple took a Citroën to the President's residence, Elysée Palace. Her couturier was Jacques Heim. She was tenacious, conservative, but could also be warm. During her husband's tenure as president from 1959 to 1969, Yvonne de Gaulle led an austere and measured life. On a typical day, she would enjoy three meals with her husband, reading Le Figaro at breakfast, evening television sessions, and Sunday masses at the palace chapel. She epitomized tradition, moral values, and a deep sense of duty. Her Catholic faith influenced the conservative view of her husband on moral matters; after her arrival at the palace, one of the first things she asked was for a pietà to be supplied to the residence; the Musée du Louvre obliged by lending one. Later, when her husband invited actress Brigitte Bardot to the palace, she threatened to refuse her on the grounds that she had been divorced. Uncharacteristically, she went on to intervene in favour of the authorization of birth control pills at a time prior to the issuance of Humanae Vitae by Pope Paul VI. The couple welcomed Dwight Eisenhower and the Kennedys during their tenure. In 1961, when the American presidential couple John F. Kennedy and Jackie Kennedy were invited by General de Gaulle, she took the initiative to forge links with the American first lady by taking her to visit the childcare school located on Boulevard Brune in the 14th arrondissement. After the assassination of President Kennedy two years later, Madame de Gaulle invited her to rest and avoid media scrutiny in Paris. The French family would have a brush with uncertainty on 22 August 1962. The de Gaulles were the target of an assassination attempt in Clamart, organized by French Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Jean Bastien Thiry. As de Gaulle's black Citroën DS sped through Petit Clamart it was met by a barrage of submachine gun fire. De Gaulle and his entourage, which included his wife, survived the attempt without any casualties or serious injuries while the attempt's perpetrators were subsequently all arrested and put on trial. Bastien Thiry was convicted of leading the attempt in February 1963 at Fort d'Ivry, becoming the last person to be executed by firing squad in France. De Gaulle managed to laugh off the incident without disrespecting police. He was deeply impressed with his wife's stoicism, however, reportedly saying, "You are brave, Yvonne." During the events of May 68, Yvonne accompanied her husband during his displacement to Baden Baden. She opposed the "Communist" uprising and protests.

Upon Charles' resignation from the presidency in 1969, Yvonne accompanied him on a retirement trip to Ireland, famous for the photos of the couple and the aide de camp, General François Flohic, taken on the beach. Madame de Gaulle was widowed in 1970, but remained at the Boisserie until failing health induced her to enter a retirement home of the sisters of the Immaculate Conception in Paris in 1978. She died at the Val de Grâce hospital in Paris at the same age her husband had been at the time of his death, and on the eve of the ninth anniversary of his death, 9 November, 1979. She was subsequently interred at Colombey les Deux Églises alongside her husband and their daughter Anne.

Book Madame de Gaulle (1981), by Marcel Jullian. Melun's retirement home is named after Yvonne de Gaulle. In front of Notre Dame de Calais cathedral is a stele, in memory of the marriage of Yvonne Vendroux and Charles de Gaulle, with the mention taken from the latter's book, Memoirs of Hope: "For you Yvonne, without whom nothing would have been done." In 1963, accordionist René Saget released a song, Le tango de Tante Yvonne, which sold 10,000 copies. On November 9, 2013, the anniversary of the death of General de Gaulle, a bronze statue by Élisabeth Cibot representing Charles and Yvonne de Gaulle holding hands was inaugurated in Calais. It is inspired by a photo of the presidential couple, on an official visit to the city in 1959.