Гетеронимы: Литературные альтер-эго писателей

Imaginary character created by a writer to write in different styles

The literary concept of the heteronym refers to one or more imaginary character(s) created by a writer to write in different styles. Heteronyms differ from pen names (or pseudonyms, from the Greek words for "false" and "name") in that the latter are just false names, while the former are characters that have their own supposed physiques, biographies, and writing styles. Heteronyms were named and developed by the Portuguese writer and poet Fernando Pessoa in the early 20th century, but they were thoroughly explored by the Danish philosopher Kierkegaard in the 19th century and have also been used by other writers.

This heteronym was created by Fernando Pessoa as an alter ego who inherited his role from Alexander Search and this one from Charles Robert Anon. The latter was created when Pessoa lived in Durban, while Search was created in 1906, when Pessoa was a student at Lisbon's University, in search of his Portuguese cultural identity, after his return from Durban. Anon was supposedly English, while Search, although English, was born in Lisbon. After the Portuguese republican revolution, in 1910, and consequent patriotic atmosphere, Pessoa dropped his English heteronyms and Álvaro de Campos was created as a Portuguese alter ego. Álvaro de Campos, born in 1890, was supposedly a Portuguese naval engineer graduated in Glasgow. Campos sailed to the Orient, living experiences that he describes in his poem "Opiarium". He worked in London (1915), Barrow on Furness and Newcastle (1922), but became unemployed, and returned to Lisbon in 1926, the year of the military putsch that installed dictatorship. He also wrote "Lisbon Revisited (1923)" and "Lisbon Revisited (1926)". Campos was a decadent poet, but he embraced Futurism; his poetry was strongly influenced by Walt Whitman and Marinetti. He wrote the "Ode Triumphal" and "Ode Maritime", published in the literary journal Orpheu, in 1915, and other unfinished. While unemployed in Lisbon, he became depressed, returning to Decadentism and Pessimism. Then he wrote his master work, "Tobacco Shop", published in 1933, in the literary journal Presença.

Pessoa created this heteronym as "Master" of the other heteronyms and even Pessoa himself. This fictional character was born in 1889 and died in 1915, at 26, almost the same age as Pessoa's best friend Mário de Sá Carneiro, who killed himself in Paris in 1916 less than a month shy of his 26th birthday. Thus, Sá Carneiro seems to have inspired, at least partially, Alberto Caeiro. Caeiro was a humble man of poor education, but a great poet "naif", he was born in Lisbon, but lives almost his life in the countryside, Ribatejo, near Lisbon, where he died. However, his poetry is full of philosophy. He wrote "Poemas Inconjuntos" (Disconnected Poems) and "O Guardador de Rebanhos" (The Keeper of Sheep), published by Fernando Pessoa in his "Art Journal" Athena in 1924–25. In a famous letter to the literary critic Adolfo Casais Monteiro, dated January 13, 1935, Pessoa describes his "triumphal day", March 8, 1914, when Caeiro "appeared", making him write down all the poetry of "The Keeper of Sheep" at once. Caeiro influenced the Neopaganism of Pessoa, and of the heteronyms António Mora and Ricardo Reis. Poetically, he influenced mainly the Neoclassicism of Reis, which is connected to Paganism.

This heteronym was created by Pessoa as a Portuguese doctor born in Oporto, on September 19, 1887. Reis supposedly studied at a boarding school run by Jesuits in which he received a classical education. He was an amateur latinist and poet; politically a monarchist, he went into exile to Brazil after the defeat of a monarchical rebellion against the Portuguese Republic in 1919. Ricardo Reis reveals his Epicureanism and Stoicism in the "Odes by Ricardo Reis", published by Pessoa in 1924, in his literary journal Athena. Since Pessoa didn't determine the death of Reis, one can assume that he survived his author who died in 1935. In The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1984), Portuguese Nobel prize winner José Saramago rebuilds, in his own personal outlook, the literary world of this heteronym after 1935, creating a dialog between Ricardo Reis and the ghost of his author.

No. Name Type *Notes 1 Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa himself Commercial correspondent in Lisbon 2 Fernando Pessoa orthonym Poet and prose writer 3 Fernando Pessoa autonym Poet and prose writer 4 Fernando Pessoa heteronym Poet, a pupil of Alberto Caeiro 5 Alberto Caeiro heteronym Poet, author of 'O guardador de Rebanhos','O Pastor Amoroso' and 'Poemas inconjuntos', master of Fernando Pessoa heteronyms, Álvaro de Campos, Ricardo Reis, António Mora and Coelho Pacheco 6 Ricardo Reis heteronym Poet and prose writer, author of 'Odes' and texts on the work of Alberto Caeiro. Biographical note: (Oporto, 1887–1936). He graduated in medicine and is an unconditional admirer of the Greek civilisation above all others, and considers himself to be an expatriate from Greece. Being a royalist he chooses to emigrate to Brazil in 1919 (Portuguese monarchy had been overthrown in 1910). In his neoclassical odes he ponders on the briefness of life, the inevitability of death and the helplessness of the human condition. This “sad epicure” tries to find some contentment through the acceptance of fate and self discipline lives by Horatio's a motto: carpe diem (seize the day). 7 Frederico Reis heteronym/para heteronym Essayist, brother of Ricardo Reis, upon whom he writes 8 Álvaro de Campos heteronym Poet and prose writer, a pupil of Alberto Caeiro. Biographical note: Álvaro de Campos. (Tavira, Algarve, 1890 ? ). He studies naval engineering in Scotland. He feels a foreigner wherever he is. Suffocated by a tedious and monotonous existence, failing to see the meaning of life, he looks for new sensations and travels to the Far East. When he comes back he is a renewed man. He embraces the futuristic movement and worships industrialisation and scientific and technological progress, with its hectic relentless rhythm and continuous change. There is an ecstasy of the senses, his relationship with machines and charcoal and steel is almost erotic. But in the background of this modern world lurk the shadows of the assembly line, the pollution, the emptiness of material things. The darkness of what is to come —eventually Campos tires. In his third phase, profoundly disenchanted with the present, he evokes the long gone days of his perfectly happy childhood. 9 António Mora heteronym Philosopher and sociologist, theorist of Neopaganism, a pupil of Alberto Caeiro 10 Claude Pasteur heteronym/semi heteronym French, translator of "CADERNOS DE RECONSTRUÇÃO PAGÃ" conducted by Antonio Mora 11 Bernardo Soares heteronym/semi heteronym Poet and prose writer, author of the 'Book of Disquiet' 12 Vicente Guedes heteronym/semi heteronym Poet shorty writer, translator, author of 'The Book of Disquiet' until 1920 13 Gervásio Guedes heteronym/para heteronym Author of the text 'A Coroação de Jorge Quinto' 14 Alexander Search heteronym Poet and short story writer 15 Charles James Search heteronym/para heteronym Translator and essayist, brother of Alexander Search 16 Jean Méluret of Seoul heteronym/proto heteronym French Poet and Essayist 17 Rafael Baldaya heteronym Astrologer and author of 'Tratado da Negação' and 'Princípios de Metaphysica Esotérica' 18 Barão de Teivo heteronym Prose writer, author of "Educação do Stoica" and "Daphnis e Chloe" 19 Charles Robert Anon heteronym/semi heteronym Poet, philosopher and story writer 20 A. A. Crosse pseudonym/proto heteronym Author and Puzzle solver 21 Thomas Crosse heteronym/proto heteronym English epic character/occultist, popularised in Portuguese culture 22 I. I. Crosse heteronym/para heteronym 23 David Merrick heteronym/semi heteronym Poet, storyteller and Playwright 24 Lucas Merrick heteronym/para heteronym Short story writer, perhaps brother David Merrick 25 Pêro Botelho heteronym/pseudonym Short story writer and author of Letters 26 Abílio Quaresma heteronym/character/meta heteronym A character inspired by Botelho Pêro and author of short detective stories 27 Inspector Guedes character/meta heteronym? A character inspired by Botelho Pêro and author of short detective stories 28 Uncle Pork pseudonym/character A character inspired by Botelho Pêro and author of short detective stories 29 Frederick Wyatt alias/heteronym Poet and prose writer (in the English language) 30 Rev. Walter Wyatt character Possibly brother of Frederick Wyatt 31 Alfred Wyatt character Another brother of Frederick Wyatt/a resident of Paris 32 Maria José heteronym/proto heteronym Wrote and signed "A Carta da Corcunda para o Serralheiro" 33 Chevalier de Pas pseudonym/proto heteronym Author of poems and letters 34 Efbeedee Pasha heteronym/proto heteronym Author of humoristic "Stories" 35 Faustino Antunes/A. Moreira heteronym/pseudonym Psychologist, author of "Ensaio sobre a Intuição" 36 Carlos Otto heteronym/proto heteronym Poet and author of "Tratado de Lucta Livre" 37 Michael Otto pseudonym/para heteronym Probably brother of Carlos Otto who was entrusted with the translation into English of "Tratado de Lucta Livre" 38 Dr. Gaudencio Nabos heteronym Author of humorous poems, sketches. Practiced medicine in Durban, London 39 Horace James Faber heteronym/semi heteronym short story writer and essayist (in English) 40 Navas heteronym/para heteronym Translated Horace James Faber in Portuguese 41 Pantaleão heteronym/proto heteronym Poet and prose 42 Torquato Fonseca Mendes da Cunha Rey heteronym/meta heteronym Deceased author of a text, Pantaleão decided to publish 43 Joaquim Moura Costa proto heteronym/semi heteronym satirical poet, Republican activist, member of "O PHOSPHORO" 44 Sher Henay proto heteronym/pseudonym Compiler and author of the preface of a sensationalist anthology in English 45 Anthony Gomes semi heteronym/character Philosopher, author of "Historia Cómica do Affonso Çapateiro" 46 Professor Trochee proto heteronym/pseudonym Author of an essay with humorous advice for young poets 47 Willyam Links Esk character Signed a letter written in English on 13/4/1905 48 António de Seabra pseudonym/proto heteronym Literary critic 49 João Craveiro pseudonym/proto heteronym Journalist, follower of Sidónio Pereira 50 Tagus pseudonym Collaborator in "NATAL MERCURY" (Durban, South Africa), inventor and solver of riddles 51 Pipa Gomes draft heteronym Collaborator in "O PHOSPHORO" 52 Ibis character/a pseudonym A character from Pessoa's childhood, accompanying him until the end of his life/also signed poems 53 Dr. Gaudencio Turnips proto heteronym/pseudonym Director of "O PALRADOR", English Portuguese journalist and humorist 54 Pip proto heteronym/pseudonym Poet, humorous anecdotes. Predecessor of Dr. Pancrazio 55 Dr. Pancrazio proto heteronym/pseudonym Storyteller, poet and creator of charades 56 Luís António Congo proto heteronym/pseudonym Collaborator in "O PALRADOR", columnist and presenter of Lanca Eduardo 57 Eduardo Lance proto heteronym/pseudonym Luso Brazilian poet 58 A. Francisco de Paula Angard proto heteronym/pseudonym Collaborator in "O PALRADOR", author of "textos scientificos" 59 Pedro da Silva Salles/Zé Pad proto heteronym/alias Author and director of the section of anecdotes at "O PALRADOR" 60 José Rodrigues do Valle/Scicio proto heteronym/alias "O PALRADOR", author of charades and 'literary manager' 61 Dr. Caloiro proto heteronym/pseudonym "O PALRADOR", reporter and author of "A pesca das pérolas" 62 Adolph Moscow proto heteronym/pseudonym "O PALRADOR", novelist, author of "Os Rapazes de Barrowby" 63 Marvell Kisch proto heteronym/pseudonym Author of a novel announced in "O PALRADOR", called "A Riqueza de um Doido" 64 Gabriel Keene proto heteronym/pseudonym Author of a novel announced in "O PALRADOR", called "Em Dias de Perigo" 65 Sableton Kay proto heteronym/pseudonym Author of a novel announced in "O PALRADOR", called "A Lucta Aérea" 66 Morris & Theodor pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades 67 Diabo Azul pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades 68 Parry pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades 69 Gallião Pequeno pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades 70 Urban Accursio alias "O PALRADOR", author of charades 71 Cecília pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades 72 José rasteiro proto heteronym/pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of proverbs and riddles 73 Nympha Negra pseudonym "O PALRADOR", author of charades 74 Diniz da Silva pseudonym/proto heteronym Author of the poem "Loucura" and collaborator in "EUROPE" 75 Herr Prosit pseudonym Translator of 'O Estudante de Salamanca' by Espronceda 76 Henry More proto heteronym Author and prose writer 77 Wardour character? Astral communicator, poetry coach 78 J. M. Hyslop character? Poet

Søren Kierkegaard Had more than a dozen heteronyms with distinct biographies and personalities. David Solway, Canadian writer, writing as Andreas Karavis. Kent Johnson, American scholar and poet writing as Araki Yasusada. Peter Russell, English poet, translated The Elegies of Quintilius, a Latin poet. Robin Skelton, Canadian poet and occultist, writing as French surrealist Georges Zuk. Geoffrey Hill. English poet, translated The Songbook Of Sebastian Arrurruz
B. H. Fairchild, American poet, writing as Roy Eldridge Garcia. Daniel Handler, American writer, writing as Lemony Snicket. Romain Gary, French writer, writing as Émile Ajar, Fosco Sinibaldi, Shatan Bogat. Antoine Volodine, French writer, writing as Elli Kronauer, Manuela Draeger, Lutz Bassman. Brian O'Nolan writing as Flann O'Brien and Myles na gCopaleen. Arnon Grunberg writing as Marek van der Jagt. Raymond A. Palmer (1910 1977), American editor and writer; published stories under his own name and multiple pseudonyms, several of which were attributed different personalities and biographies (e. g., "A. E. Steber" was a Russian military officer who engaged in espionage against Nazi Germany before relocating to the US). Laura Albert (born 1955) wrote under the name JT LeRoy, an adolescent male persona she described as an "avatar" that allowed her to write things that she was unable to write as herself. Jane Holland, poet and novelist, also writes as Victoria Lamb, Elizabeth Moss, Beth Good and Hannah Coates. Frank X. Gaspar, Portuguese American poet and novelist, writes as Renata Ferreira, a woman who worked for the resistance in the final years of Portugal's fascist regime in his book The Poems of Renata Ferreira published in 2020.

David Bowie Systematically employed heteronyms as a performer, his personae changing given the content of the album on which they appear, including but not limited to Ziggy Stardust, Aladdin Sane, and The Thin White Duke. Nicki Minaj American singer and rapper also raps as Roman Zolanski and Harajuku Barbie. MF Doom Had several heteronyms such as Madvillain and Viktor Vaughn. Eminem Also raps as Marshall Mathers, Slim Shady, and Stan. Lawrence Rothman Has nine heteronyms such as Elizabeth and Alesiter.