Немецкие торпеды Второй мировой войны: характеристики и модификации

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DesignationCodenamePropulsionDimensions dia./lengthRange (speed)Warhead(pistol)NotesKM#TypeTI G7aWet heater533.4 mm / 7163 mm120 hm (30kn 'NS') / 75hm (40 kn 'WS') / 50 hm (44 kn 'SS')Ka (Pi1), Kc (Pi3)The standard torpedo prior to World War II, used by all platforms during World War II: surface combatants (Kreuzer, Zerstörer, T Boote, S Boote) and U boats at night. Nicknamed "ato" by German crews (i. e. atem or air torpedo, indicating the steam propulsion) to distinguish it from the G7e (electric torpedoes). 44 kn speed was only used for S Boote. According to certain sources only used from surface vessels during the last part of World War II. TI Fat IG7aWet heater533.4 mm / 7163 mm120hm (30 kn) / 75 hm (40 kn) / 50 hm (44 kn)Ka (Pi1), Kc (Pi3)Standard TI with Fat program control type I (for security reasons only used by night). TI Lut IG7aWet heater533.4 mm / 7163 mm120 hm (30 kn) / 75 hm (40 kn) / 50 hm (44 kn)Ka (Pi1), Kc (Pi3)Standard TI with Lut program control type I. TI Lut IIG7aWet heater533.4 mm / 7163 mm120hm (30kn) / 75 hm (40 kn) / 50 hm (44 kn)Ka (Pi1), Kc (Pi3)Standard TI with Lut program control type II. TIüG7aWet heater533.4 mm / 7163 mm<120 hm (30 kn) / <75 hm (40 kn)Exercise head only (light)Torpedo dedicated for educational/training purposes with Schulboote at U Flotillen. It had restricted settings on depth mechanism, a light (empty) exercise head and other minor modifications, to ensure positive buoyancy at the end of the run and reduced stress on the engine (=less damages and loss of torpedoes, i. e. achieving a higher number of shots). TIü Lut IIG7aWet heater533.4 mm / 7163 mm<120 hm (30 kn) / <75hm (40 kn)Exercise head only (light)TIü with Lut program control type II. TIIG7eElectric, lead acid battery (13T)533.4mm / 7163mm50 hm (30 kn)Ka (Pi1)Faulty pistols. Nicknamed "eto" (electric torpedo) by German crews for easy distinguishing from the G7a ("ato" air driven torpedo). Could not be fitted with Fat or Lut due to its short range. TIIIG7eElectric, lead acid (13T battery)534,6 mm / 7163 mm50 hm (30 kn)Kb (Pi2)Improved pistols and batteries (cable guide from the battery chamber to the warhead for powering magnetic pistols). Nicknamed "eto" (electric torpedo) by German crews for easy distinguishing from the G7a ("ato" air driven torpedo). TIII Fat IIG7eElectric, lead acid (13T battery)534,6 mm / 7163 mm50 hm (30 kn)Kb (Pi2)TIII with Fat program control type II. TIIIa Fat IIG7eElectric, lead acid (17T battery)534,6 mm / 7163 mm75 hm (30 kn)Ka (Pi1), Kb (Pi2)TIII with improved battery and Fat program control type II. TIIIa Lut IG7eElectric, lead acid (17T battery)534,6 mm / 7163 mm75 hm (30 kn)Ka (Pi1), Kb (Pi2)TIII with improved battery and Lut program control type I. TIIIa Lut IIG7eElectric, lead acid (17T battery)534,6 mm / 7163 mm75 hm (30 kn)Ka (Pi1), Kb (Pi2)TIII with improved battery and Lut program control type II. TIIIbG7eElectric, lead acid (13T battery)534,6 mm / 7163 mm40 hm (18.5 n)Kb2 (Pi2f)TIII with only one battery compartment to reduce weight (special adaptation for use on Marder midget submarine). TIIIcG7eElectric, lead acid (13T battery)534,6 mm / 7163 mm40 hm (18.5 kn)Kb2 (Pi2f)Improved TIIIb (special adaptation for use on Biber, Hecht, Molch and Seehund midget submarines). TIIIdG7eDackelElectric, lead acid (17T 210 battery)534,6 mm / 11,000 mmca. 480 hm (9 kn)Kb2 (Pi1d)Special long range anti invasion torpedo with a variant of the Lut II program steering. Launched from S Boote and barges (it saw operational use against the allied invasion fleet in Normandy). TIIIeG7eKreuzotterElectric, lead acid (13T Special battery)534,6 mm / 7163 mm75 hm (20 kn)Ke1 (Pi4c)TIII specially adapted for use on Molch and Seehund midget submarines. TIVG7esFalkeElectric, lead acid534,6 mm / 7163 mm75 hm (20 kn)Kd (Pi4a)Simple acoustic homing. Only operational for a brief period before being replaced by the improved TV. TVG7esZaunkönigElectric, lead acid534,6 mm / 7163 mm57 hm (24 kn)Ke1 (Pi4c)Acoustic homing (three different type of seekers). Nicknamed "GNAT" by the allies (acronym from "German Naval Acoustic Torpedo). Generally regarded as the best German torpedo of World War II (between 5000 and 6000 launched, with a reported hit rate of approximately 53%, a number that was considerably reduced after post war analysis). TV torpedoes were modified to TXI from fall 1944. TVaG7esZaunkönigElectric, lead acid534,6mm / 7163 mm80 hm (21.5 kn)Ke1 (Pi4d)TV specially adapted for use on S Boote (end of run detonation, reduced speed, longer range and different depth mechanism). TVbG7esZaunkönigElectric, lead acid534.6 mm / 7163 mm80 hm (21,5 kn)Ke1 (Pi4c)TVa adapted for use as an anti U boat torpedo. TVIG7esElectric, lead acid534,6 mm / 7163 mm75 hm (30 kn)Kf (Pi6)TIIIa with minor changes (probably with Lut II) and a special warhead which was never fielded. TVIIG7utSteinbuttWalter turbine534,6 mm / ? mm80 hm (45 kn)Kb (Pi2), Kf (Pi6)Ingolin (peroxide)/dekalin/helman/water fueled BO VI turbine. Combustion chamber arranged horizontally in the longitudinal axis. Approximately 100 torpedoes produced, but never fielded mainly due to several problems with both pistol and start ballistics. TVIIIG7utSteinbarschWalter turbine534.6mm / ?mm80hm (45kn)Kb (Pi2), Kf (Pi6)Development of the TVII, with different internal organisation of the various mechanisms. More than 100 torpedoes produced. Was due to be fielded in April 1945, despite several problems during testing. TIXG5utGoldbuttWalter turbine534.6 mm / 5490 mm40 hm (45 kn)"Goldfisch" variant planned for the German "Kleinst Uboote". As development of the U boat ended, so did the program for the TIX. TXG7ef NYKSpinneElectric, lead acid (13T battery)534.6 mm / 7163 mm50hm (30 kn)Ka (Pi1)Developed from the TII torpedo. Wire guided by means of visual sight from a command bunker / observation site. Intended for coastal defence and use from beach batteries (wagenbatterie), later evolved to also include special harbour installations (molenbatterie) and mobile launchers (schiffbatterie). Only 200 torpedoes were built (gerät 43d), originally for 35 "spinne sperrbatterie" to be established on the French channel and Mediterranean coastline from July 1944. Some batteries were also established in Belgium, and after the allied invasion in July 1944 most of the French batteries were moved to the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark (85 TX torpedoes were located in 14 Danish batteries after the war). TXaG7ef NYKSpinneElectric, lead acid (13T battery)534.6 mm / 7163 mm50 hm (30kn)Ka (Pi1)A new version (gerät 43 cp) of the TX tested for use on midget submarines (Marder/ Molch/ Seehund) with good results. It was planned for operational use on the Seehund from August 1945. TXIG7esZaunkönig IIElectric, lead acid534.6 mm / 7163 mm57 hm (24 kn)Ke1 (Pi4c)TV with improved acoustic homing and depth mechanism. Operational. About 90 torpedoes in stock by September 1944 (a combination of new torpedoes and the ongoing upgrade of existing TV), but no certain record of usage during the war (five TXI torpedoes were recovered from the U 534, now on display in Birkenhead, UK. Four of the TXIs were picked for parts and blown up. Only one torpedo remains on display with the U boat). TXIIG5eElectric, lead acid (9T battery)534.6mm / 5550 mm30 hm (30 kn)Kb (Pi2)Short torpedo developed for the smaller type XVII coastal submarines. Was intended as a temporary solution until the ingolin torpedoes were ready for operational use, but never fielded. TXIIIG7utK ButtWalter turbine534.6 mm / 7163 mm30 hm (45 kn)Kb2 (Pi2)Ingolin/dekalin/helman/water fueled BO VI turbine. Less fuel than the "Goldbutt", but 7 m length. Experimental development for the Seehund midget submarine. With sinker mechanism. Approximately 60 torpedoes produced, planned for fielding by end of April 1945. TXIVG7aWet heater534.6 mm (527 for airtank) / 7163 mm25 hm (34 kn)Kc (Pi3)TI with changed buoyancy (max air pressure reduced from 200 to 100 kg/cm^2) developed as a replacement for TIIIc (failing batteries) for use on the Seehund midget submarine. With sinker mechanism. Never fielded. G7esLercheElectric (13T 210 Special battery)534.6 mm / 7163 mmunknownKe1 (Pi4c, TZ5)Development of the TV and TX with both active acoustic seeker and wire guidance. An operator in an U boat could listen to the signal from the seeker and manually control the steering. Never fielded. G7tSauerstoff turbine534.6 mm / 7163 mmunknownunknown (TZ2b, TZ5)Experimental development of the oxygen turbine. Dropped in favour of the ingolin engines. G7mKreismotor534.6 mm / 7163 mm270 hm (40 kn) / 180hm (48kn)unknown (TZ2b, TZ6)Experimental. Gasoline and compressed oxygen as fuel. Development was dropped in favour of the ingolin engines. G7pElectric, with primary battery91.5hm (30kn) / 36.5 hm (40 kn)Experimental, using two primary batteries (magnesium carbon and zinc leadoxide) for propulsion. It was proposed to get very good speed and range, but development ended due to lack of resources. M5Wet heater736.6 mm / 4880 mmunknown (40 kn)unknownExperimental torpedo developed for coastal defence with a very large explosive charge and long range. Based on the TI with a 6 cylinder engine and only one speed setting. 14 torpedoes built with 6 spare engines. Testing proved numerous "bottom runners" due to failure of the launch and general poor quality of design and production. Two torpedoes were recovered and prepared for transport to the U. S. Ordnance Investigation Laboratory as museum pieces, but whether this was executed is doubtful. G7esGeier I and IIElectric534.6 mm / 7163 mmunknownActive sonar homing, experimental. Similar to the TV. Development program with Luftwaffe, which ended up going for the "Pfau" instead. Otherwise successful design, which led to planning of a further development ("Geier III"). LTImF5bWet heater450 mm / 5550 mm25 hm (40 kn)GK3a (Pi51)Luftwaffe F5b LTI torpedo adapted for use on Kriegsmarine Kleinstschnellboote. G7asWet heaterAcoustic homing, not fieldedG7uKlippfischWet heater Walter turbine95 hm (40 kn)Experimental intermediate model for the G7ut development (never planned for production). Ingolin/dekalin/Helman/Water propulsion, using the aft section and engine from the TI. G7utSchildbuttWalter turbine with seawater injection140 hm (45 kn) / 180 hm (40 kn)Experimental. Ingolin/dekalin/Helman/Water pressure injection fueled turbine, later developed with the Steinwal BO VI turbine. ZaunbuttIngolin Walter turbineAcoustic seeker from the TV combined with the ingolin propulsion. Proposed shorter range than the Steinbutt, due to losing space for fuel in favour of electronics for the seeker. The project was in model testing phase, when all plans and models were destroyed in a bombing raid. The project was not continued. Wal / SteinwalIngolin Walter turbine192 hm (45 kn)Experimental. Ingolin/dekalin/water pumped to the motor combined with Helman pressure conveyor (BO VI turbine). Development nearly finished by end of the war. G7f NYElectric12.5 hm (30 kn)Experimental surface running torpedo remotely controlled by radio (several solutions were investigated, including control from airplane and shore based relay stations). Hexagon shaped hull with hydrofoil wings and rocket propulsion. G7mClosed circuit propulsion180 hm (48 kn)Considered as replacement for both steam and electric propulsion. Never fielded. G7dOxygen fueled wet heater engine120 hm (45 kn)In early stages of development by April 1945. German oxygen torpedo of similar design as the Japanese Type 93 'Long Lance'. Based on the G7a(TI) (reusing the airtank, the waterchamber and the enginecompartment) combined with the turbine from the G7ut. Expected to have improved performance over the TI, with almost no bubbletrack. Also it would have superior safety for handling/storage on board, as well as less loss of energy over time in storage, compared to the ingolin torpedoes. G7urHechtWalter rocketExperimentalG7urMondfischWalter rocket700 hm (45 kn)Experimental. Ingolin/dekalin/floran fueled rocket engine (BO VI Turbine). Transverse combustion chamber. G5utGoldfischWalter turbine534.6 mm / 5490 mm34 hm (45 kn)5 m version of the "Steinfisch". Planned torpedo for the "Spezial Uboote", with development ending as the U boats were never realized. Electric, lead acidunknownunknownTwo experimental torpedo models using the TIII engine, but replacing the conventional propellers with "schlagruder" (oscillating fins, similar to the tail of a whale). The hull was of an unconventional "manta" design, which had several benefits: Less drag in the water. Potential for much higher payload (a total weight of 4 tonnes using the TIII engine, compared to the 1.5 tonne total weight of the TIII). Much more stable travel compared to the traditional tube formed torpedo hulls. One test model build. AckermannunknownunknownunknownWake homing torpedo with acoustic/pressure seeker. Only theoretic planning. FasanunknownunknownunknownActive acoustic seeker with Lut program steering. Lut program active until a ships wake is crossed/detected, upon the acoustic homing would be triggered. Only at planning stage. IbisunknownunknownunknownActive wake homing acoustic seeker. Project was dropped in favour of the "Fasan". MärchenunknownunknownunknownMagnetic seeker. Only theoretic planning. TaubeunknownunknownunknownLow frequency, passive acoustic seeker. Only theoretical planning. G7vWet heater500 mm / 7083 mm120 hm (28,5 kn)Older torpedo developed in the early 1920s (prequel for the 21 inch G7a) which saw limited use during World War II. It was used at least until October 1944 in the Ofotfiord batteries outside Narvik, and most likely for the rest of the war on some "schwimmende" batteries protecting the major German battleships in their bases in northern Norway. G/250Wet heater450 mm / 7083 mm60 hm (27 kn) / 25 hm (36 kn)Older Whitehead torpedo (developed at the end of WW1), which saw limited use during World War II. For instance, it replaced older Norwegian torpedoes at two shore torpedo batteries on the west coast of Norway during the war (original torpedoes often failed due to conditions at the site, as well as a wish for an increased explosive charge). F5Wet heater450 mm / 6505 mm15 hm (45 kn)Norwegian 45 cm torpedoes (beutewaffe) used at certain shore based torpedo batteries in Norway.

Code names were intended to be used only through the development period for security measures. However, in some cases they remained after the torpedo was fielded and had been designated with a "T" number. Torpedo pistols, program seeker systems and other special arrangements also had their own "system" of code names, using the names of birds, fish or animals (for example Pi "Leuchtfisch", GA "Specht", seeker "Storch", control "Viper", target detector "Salamander" etc.). During development, the pistols were often given code names designated by the industrial developer or manufacturer. Generally, these consisted of simple words, syllables, or names associated with the firm or the engineers in charge of the pistol's development (for example Pi "Otto", Pi "Atlas", Pi "Berlin" etc. ).

DesignationCodenamePropulsionDimensions, dia./lengthRange (speed)Warhead (pistol)NotesLw#TypeF5Wet heater450mm / 5550mm30hm (33kn)unknownCopy of the Norwegian F1 "Horten" torpedo. Limited drop parametres (75kn airspeed/15 20m height)LT IF5aWet heater450mm / 5550mm26hm (33kn)unknownGerman development of the Norwegian F1 "Horten" torpedo. Improved drop parametres (140kn airspeed/50m height)LT I AF5bWet heater449,6mm / 5490mm30hm (40kn)unknownImproved version of the F5a (increased capacity air tank and higher performance engine). LT I A1F5bWet heater449,6mm / 5490mm20hm (40kn)GK1, GK2, GK2a, GK3, GK3a, GK4, GK4a, GK6 (PiF5s, Pi30, Pi30m, P42s, Pi43, Pi45, Pi50, Pi51, Pi52, Pi60)Developed by Kriegsmarine for Luftwaffe. Fielded in 1941. The main German aerial torpedo of World War II, alongside the F5w. LT I A2F5bWet heater449,6mm / 5490mm30hm (33kn)GK1, GK2, GK2a, GK3, GK3a, GK4, GK4a, GK6 (PiF5s, Pi30, Pi30m, P42s, Pi43, Pi45, Pi50, Pi51, Pi52, Pi60)Never fielded. LT I A3F5bWet heater449,6mm / 5490mm60hm (24kn)GK1, GK2, GK3, GK4, GK4a, GK6 (PiF5s, Pi30, P42s, Pi43, Pi45, Pi50, Pi51, Pi52, Pi60)GA IX gyroscope with 9a program steering. LT I B1F5bWet heater449,6mm / 5490mm20hm (40kn)GK1, GK2, GK2a, GK3, GK3a, GK4, GK4a, GK6 (PiF5s, Pi30, Pi30m, P42s, Pi43, Pi45, Pi50, Pi51, Pi52, Pi60)LT I A1 with electric depth and gyroscope settings. Fielded early 1944. LT I B2F5bWet heater449,6mm / 5490mm30hm (33kn)GK1, GK2, GK2a, GK3, GK3a, GK4, GK4a, GK6 (PiF5s, Pi30, Pi30m, P42s, Pi43, Pi45, Pi50, Pi51, Pi52, Pi60)LT I A2 with electric depth and gyroscope settings. Was probably only used for training purposes. LT I B3F5bWet heater449,6mm / 5490mm60hm (24kn)GK1, GK2, GK3, GK4, GK4a, GK6 (PiF5s, Pi30, P42s, Pi43, Pi45, Pi50, Pi51, Pi52, Pi60)LT I A3 with electric depth and gyroscope settings. Fielded in mid 1944. LT I B4F5bPfauWet heater449,6mm / 5490mm60hm (24kn)GK5, GK9 (Pi43, Pi45, Pi52, Pi52a, Pi65)Passive Acoustic seeker (was ready for use, but never fielded before the end of the war). LT I CF5bWet heater449,6mm / 5490mmunknownunknownNever finished testing (development program ended due to limited resources). LT IIF5uWet heater450mm / 5010mm14,8hm (45kn)unknownF5b with improved engine. 50 produced, never fielded. LT II B1F5uIngolin engine449,6mm / 5490mm50hm (40kn)unknownNever finished testing (development program ended due to limited resources). LT II B3F5uIngolin engine449,6mm / 5490mm119hm (24kn)unknownGA 9b with 9b program steering. Never finished testing (development program ended due to limited resources). LT II CF5uIngolin engine449,6mm / 5490mmunknownunknownGA 9b with 9b program steering. Never finished testing (development program ended due to limited resources). F5bGeier I and IIWet heater449,6mm / 5490mmunknownunknownActive sonar homing, experimental. Similar to the Kriegsmarine TV. Development program with Kriegsmarine, but Luftwaffe ended up going for the "Pfau" instead. Geier IIIunknownunknownunknownProposed development of the Geier II with system for enhancing and comparing the hydrophone echoes. Only reached planning phase. F5iWet heater450mm / 5250mm30hm (40kn)unknownItalian standard aerial torpedo (unknown how much usage by Luftwaffe). F5wWet heater450mm / 5460mm30hm (40kn)unknownItalian Whitehead torpedo. Standard torpedo in use by Luftwaffe alongside the LT I A1. LT 280Electric500mm / 2600mm120hm (4 14kn)unknownItalian light torpedo. LT 350Electricellipse shaped hull 500mm / 2600mm150hm (4 14kn)unknownItalian parachute torpedo. Dropped from a height of 100m. It ran autonomously irregular search patterns within a 1000x800m box for about one hour with speed decreasing from 14 to 4kn. LT 850Wet heater 450mm / 5470mm20hm (42kn)unknownGerman designation for the successful Japanese airdropped Type 91 Mod 2 torpedo, using Japanese devised pneumatic PID controller for roll stabilization. 70 torpedoes were delivered (it is not known which IJN sub delivered them), but none were used operationally. Intended weight of 810 kg (1,786 lb) complete for deployment. LT 1000aIngolin turbine engineellipse shaped hull (390x200mm) / 5000mmunknown (40kn)unknownNever finished testing (development program ended due to limited resources). LT 1000bIngolin turbine engineellipse shaped hull (460x800mm) / 5398mmunknown (40kn)unknownA variant with altered tailsection/rudders. LT 950F5bWet heater450mm / 5360mm30hm (40kn)unknown"Flugeltorpedo": F5b equipped with glider attachment (wings and rudders). Experimental (several variants), not fielded. A maximum range of 2300m glidepath when dropped from a height of 800m were obtained during testing. LT 9,2F5bFroschWet heater450mm / 5100mmunknownunknownA variant of the "flugeltorpedo" that was not pursued in favour of the LT950C. LT 950C (L10 flugelantrieb)F5bFriedensengelWet heater450mm / 5100mm90hmunknownThe final variant of the "flugeltorpedo". LT 1200AIngolin rocket engine (HWK)450mm / 5200mm22hm (40kn)unknownDevelopment ended due to the torpedo being too heavy and having too short a range (weight: 815 kg). LT 1200BIngolin rocket engine (HWK)533,4mm / 7000mm50hm (35kn)unknownDevelopment ended due to the torpedo being too heavy and having too short a range (weight: 1200 kg). LT 1500 Turbinen antriebIngolin turbine engine (HWK/CPVA)533,4mm / 7050mm35hm (40kn)unknownImproved version of the LT 1200, but similar the development ended due to the torpedo being too heavy and having too short a range (weight: 1520 kg). LT 1500 Raketen antriebIngolin rocket engine (HWK/CPVA)533,4mm / 7050mmunknownunknownLT 1500 variant with rocket engine.

Luftwaffe also developed a passive weapon called "Bombentorpedo" (BT), which was planned to replace the conventional torpedoes. It was airdropped from a low height and relative short distance from the target, would enter the water and travel the short remaining distance solely driven by its kinetic energy. No BT's were ever fielded operationally. DesignationWeightDimensions, dia. / lengthChargeNotesBT200220 kg300mm / 2395mm100 kgBT400435 kg378mm / 2946mm200 kgBT700A780 kg426mm / 3500mm330 kgBT700B755 kg456mm / 3358mm320 kgBT10001180 kg480mm / 4240mm710 kgVariant fitted with a rocket engine, but the design was not successful. BT14001510 kg620mm / 4560mm920 kgBT18501923 kg620mm / 4690mm1050 kg