Вымершие европейские виды в голоцене

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This is a list of European species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE. and continues to the present day. This list includes the European continent and its surrounding islands. All large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. The recently extinct animals of the Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic are listed separately. The three Caucasian republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia are included, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in Asia depending of the definition of Europe considered. Overseas territories, departments, and constituent countries of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, French Polynesia is grouped with Oceania, Martinique is grouped with the West Indies, and Réunion is grouped with Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, despite all of them being politically part of France. Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesWoolly mammothMammuthus primigeniusNorthern Eurasia and North AmericaMost recent remains in the Southern Urals dated to 9650 BCE,Tilos dwarf elephantPalaeoloxodon tiliensisTilos, GreeceMost recent remains dated to 3040 1840 BCE. A painting on the Ancient Egyptian tomb of Rekhmire (1470 1445 BCE) depicting exotic animals brought to Egypt as tribute by foreign peoples, has been interpreted by some authors as a depiction of a dwarf elephant.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsDon hareLepus timidus tanaiticusRussiaGradually replaced by the extant mountain hare south to north until becoming extinct during the Subboreal, 3050 550 BCE.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesOchotona transcaucasicaGeorgia and AzerbaijanSimilar to the Afghan pika. It probably became extinct in the early Holocene. Sardinian pikaProlagus sardusCorsica and SardiniaMost recent remains dated to 348 BCE 283 CE. Though hunted by the original human inhabitants of the islands, it likely became extinct due to Roman agricultural practices, the introduction of predators (dogs, cats, and small mustelids) and ecological competitors (rodents, rabbits, and hares). Transmission of pathogens by rabbits and hares could have been another factor. Survival into modern history, even as late as 1774 on the smaller island of Tavolara, has been hypothesised from the description of unknown mammals by later Sardinian authors; however, this interpretation remains dubious owing to anatomical discrepancies.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesSteppe pikaOchotona pusillaWestern Europe to KazakhstanMost recent remains dated to 9650 BCE in the Ponto Caspian region, 9550 BCE in Boreal Europe, 9450 BCE in the British Isles, 8850 BCE in Northwestern Germany, 8750 BCE in northern Central Europe, 6050 BCE and 1220 BCE in the Southern Urals.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsMicrotus brecciensisIberian PeninsulaMost recent remains dated to 8450 BCE. Pliomys coronensisWestern EuropeMost recent remains in Green Spain dated to the Holocene. St. Kilda house mouseMus musculus muralisSt Kilda, ScotlandA commensal species, it became extinct after the removal of all human inhabitants from the island in 1930. Tyrrhenian field ratRhagamys orthodonCorsica and SardiniaMost recent remains dated to 348 BCE 283 CE. Spermophilus superciliosusNorth Central Europe and the British IslesMost recent remains dated to 8750 BCE in north Central Europe. Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE 283 CE.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesEurasian cave lionPanthera spelaeaNorthern Eurasia and BeringiaMost recent remains in the Franco Cantabrian region dated to 9350 BCE. LionPanthera leoAfrica, western Asia, northern India, and southern EuropeAccording to the alternate hypothesis, the modern lion expanded into southern Europe and replaced the cave lion there already in the Late Glacial, surviving in Italy and northern Spain until the Preboreal or Boreal. A possible second colonization event took place in the Balkans during the Atlantic and Subboreal periods, reaching as far as Hungary, southwestern Ukraine, and Greece. In the Iron Age the lion strongly declined until it disappeared from these regions, possibly because of hunting and habitat loss caused by increasing human population and livestock rearing. In 370 CE the Greco Roman orator Themistius mentioned that lions had disappeared from Thessaly, their last Balkan stronghold.''" and we are displeased because [[North African elephant Lions were also hunted historically across Transcaucasia, and were reportedly common in the ungulate rich Kura Araz and Mughan plains, up to the Absheron Peninsula, until 900 CE. A 8850 BCE record from the Franco Cantabrian region, These leopards belong to the Persian subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana, which also occurs in Anatolia. In 1889 an Anatolian leopard was killed in the Greek island of Samos after swimming from Asia. Local folklore suggests that similar events have happened in the island at different times in history. TigerPanthera tigrisTropical and temperate Asia to the Black SeaPresent permanently in the Caucasus region and along the Caspian and eastern Azov coasts, the Terek and Kuban rivers, and the estuary of the Don river during the 10th 12th centuries CE, with vagrants recorded as far as Chernihiv, Ukraine. and Azerbaijan's Talysh Mountains in 1966. Last three were all vagrants intruding after tigers stopped breeding in the respective area.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesCave hyenaCrocuta spelaeaEurope and Central AsiaMost recent remains dated to 9650 BCE in the Franco Cantabrian region and to 8950 BCE in the British Isles. European dholeCuon alpinus europaeusCentral, Southern Europe and the CaucasusMost recent remains dated to 7050 6550 BCE in Riparo Fredian, Italy (with doubts) and Les Coves de Santa Maira, Spain. Claims of 21st century presence of dhole in the Caucasus are erroneous. Sardinian dholeCynotherium sardousCorsica and SardiniaMost recent remains in Corsica dated to 9910 9710 BCE and Sardinia to 9531 9196 BCE, roughly coinciding with modern human colonization of the islands.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesSardinian giant otterMegalenhydris barbaricinaSardinia, ItalyKnown from a single skeleton found in a cave with no stratigraphical context but estimated to be Late Pleistocene or early Holocene, 68050 8050 BCE.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesTarpanEquus ferus ferusWestern Europe to western Siberia, Anatolia?Historical sources record wild horses living until the 12th century in Denmark, 13th in Germany, 14th in Portugal, 16th in Spain, the Vosges, East Prussia, and Lithuania; 18th in the northern Carpathians and 19th in Poland and Ukraine. The last in the wild was killed in Askania Nova in 1879, and the last in captivity died in the Moscow Zoo in 1887.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesTurkmenian kulanEquus hemionus kulanUkraine to Central AsiaProbably present in the deserts between the Volga and Ural rivers until the 18th or 19th century, when it was extirpated due to increasing hunting with firearms and seizure of waterholes for livestock use. 18th century records from Voronezh, Russia are considered unreliable. It was first reintroduced to Askania Nova, Ukraine in 1950. In 2020 Rewilding Europe released kulan in the Tarutyne steppe next to the Danube Delta. It has also announced plans to release kulan in Spain as proxy for the hydruntine. Persian onagerEquus hemionus onagerIran and the eastern CaucasusMost recent remains at the Baku fortress dated to the 13th century. All few confirmed individuals in Europe since 1999 were identified as vagrants from the North American population, and known calving areas in Africa appear to be depleted.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesGray whaleEschrichtius robustusNorth Atlantic, Mediterranean, and northern Pacific OceanMost recent remains at Ijmuiden, Netherlands were dated to 550 CE. A vagrant from the Pacific population dispersed over the Arctic Ocean and was seen in Europe in 2010.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesCaucasian mooseAlces alces caucasicusNorth Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black SeaHunted to extinction by the beginning of the 20th century. The subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia later colonized the North Caucasus naturally over the 20th century. Irish elkMegaloceros giganteusEurope and Southern SiberiaMost recent remains in Maloarkhangelsk, Russia dated to 5766 5643 BCE, and in the South Urals dated to 2320 BCE. Most recently dated to 8718 BCE in Teppa u Lupinu, Corsica and 5641–5075 BCE in Grotta Juntu, Sardinia. It survived the first human colonization of the islands, but became extinct when Neolithic peoples arrived.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesCaucasian wisentBison bonasus caucasicusCaucasus and AnatoliaDeclined after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus as a result of increased hunting, deforestation, and domestic cattle rearing. The subspecies was protected in the 1890s when it was limited to 442 animals in the area between the Belaya and Laba rivers. However an epizootic outbreak in 1919 reduced the animals to just 50, and the last individuals were poached in 1927. The only captive animal, a male, lived in Germany between 1908 and 1925 and bred with females of the lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today. Carpathian wisentBison bonasus hungarorumCarpathian Mountains and TransylvaniaClaimed subspecies disappeared in either 1762 or 1790, but there is a lack of differences to justify it. It was described from a single neurocranium in the Hungarian National Museum that was subsequently lost in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Steppe bisonBison priscusNorthern Eurasia and North AmericaMost recent remains dated to 1130 1060 BCE near the Oyat river in Western Russia. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older. Recent calibrated dates include 9450 BCE in the Southern Urals, 8650 BCE in the Middle Urals, and 7550 BCE in Boreal Europe. and the last in Sofia, Bulgaria in the late 17th or early 18th century. There are different active projects to breed aurochs like cattle and release them in the wild as proxy for the aurochs. European water buffaloBubalus murrensisCentral, eastern, and southeastern EuropeMost recent confirmed remains in Kolomna, Russia dated to 10811 BCE, during the Last Glacial Period. However, unique genetic introgression into local domestic water buffaloes and possible remains from the Neolithic of southeastern Europe (9000 7000 BCE) and Atlantic of Austria (7000 4000 BCE) suggest that the native European species of water buffalo survived into the Holocene. In 2019, Rewilding Europe released domestic buffaloes in the Danube Delta as proxy for the European water buffalo. Portuguese ibexCapra pyrenaica lusitanicaPortuguese Galician borderHunted to extinction around 1890. A different subspecies of Spanish ibex naturally colonized the Peneda Gerês National Park in the Portuguese ibex's former range during the 21st century. Pyrenean ibexCapra pyrenaica pyrenaicaPyrenees and possibly the Cantabrian MountainsThe last individual, a female, died at Ordesa National Park in 2000. A single cloned individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later, making this the first case of biological taxon de extinction and a taxon becoming extinct twice. In 2014, Spanish ibexes from the Guadarrama Mountains were released in the French Pyrenees as proxy for the Pyrenean ibex. and 2830 2470 BCE in Mallorca. The timeframe allows to confidently exclude climate change as a reason for the extinction and blame it solely on the first human settlers to the islands.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesLowland wisentBison bonasus bonasusWestern Europe to southern SiberiaThe last wild population in Poland's Białowieża Forest was hunted to extinction during World War I. A captive herd was returned to Bialowieza in 1929; it was made of zoo animals, some of which were hybridized with other subspecies or species of bison. Individuals with American bison ancestry were removed from Bialowieza in 1936, and with Caucasian wisent ancestry in 1950. The Bialowieza herd was fully returned to the wild in 1952 and subsequently used as stock for pure lowland herds in Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus. The Caucasian lowland hybrid line was introduced to the Kavkazsky Nature Reserve in 1940, in the Caucasian wisent's former range, and allowed to roam free from 1946. Other hybrid wisent herds were later established in the Carpathians, Ukraine, and Russia. Southern AsiaMost recent remains at Kosi Choter, Armenia dated to the Bronze Age. TahrHemitragus sp. Southern Europe to the Caucasus and the HimalayasMost recent remains in the Iberian Peninsula dated to 9600 BCE. The first reintroduction attempt was made at Gurskøya, Norway in 1925, but all animals died because of the unfavorable climate or poaching. Another herd was released at Hjerkinn in the Dovre mountains in 1932. These animals are presumed to have been exterminated during World War II, though there were unconfirmed sightings of muskoxen at Tafjord in 1942 and 1951. The definitive successful reintroduction in Dovre was made in 1947. In 1971 a herd left Dovre after being harassed by tourists and established itself in Harjedalen, Sweden. Norwegians also introduced muskoxen to Svalbard in 1929, outside of the muskox's natural range, but this population died out by the 1970s.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesSlender billed curlewNumenius tenuirostrisWestern Eurasia and North AfricaThe species bred in Kazakhstan and southern Siberia and wintered in western Morocco and Tunisia, being present in Europe during migration or as a vagrant. It likely disappeared as a result of habitat alteration in Asia and overhunting in Africa. The last confirmed record worldwide was in Hungary, in 2001.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesGreat aukPinguinus impennisNorthern Atlantic and western Mediterranean SeaOriginally hunted for its feathers, meat, fat, and oil; as it grew rare, also to supply collectionists. The last pair on the eastern Atlantic was killed on Eldey Island, off Iceland in 1844.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesCommon buttonquailTurnix sylvaticusAfrica, South Asia, southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and SicilyLast confirmed individual in Spain was killed in Doñana National Park in 1981.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesNorthern bald ibisGeronticus eremitaMediterranean regionExtirpated from Europe before 1650 as a result of habitat loss, climate change, and direct persecution. In 1991 a gradual reintroduction project using handreared chicks began at Alpenzoo Innsbruck in Austria, and in 2011 a migratory population was established between southern Germany, Austria, and Tuscany. A second reintroduction project started in southern Spain in 2004.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsAquila nipaloidesCorsica and SardiniaSimilar to the steppe eagle. Most recent remains at Teppa di U Lupinu, Corsica dated to 8718 8300 BCE.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsMediterranean brown fish owlKetupa zeylonensis lamarmoraeCorsica, Sardinia, southern Italy, Crete, and IsraelDescribed as different separated species including Bubo insularis, before being recognized as a subspecies of the Asian brown fish owl. The most recent remains in Corsica date to 7433 7035 BCE. In Corsica Sardinia it could have been locally adapted to prey on the Sardinian pika, disappearing after human arrival with it.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesPied ravenCorvus corax varius morpha leucophaeusFaroe IslandsLast confirmed individual shot in Mykines in 1902.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesRatas Island lizardPodarcis lilfordi rodriqueziRatas Island off Mahón, SpainExterminated in 1935 when the island was exploded as part of remodeling works in Mahón harbor. Santo Stefano lizardPodarcis siculus sanctistephaniSanto Stefano Island, ItalyExtinct around 1965 as a result of a epidemic and predation by introduced snakes and feral cats.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsIbizan dwarf viperVipera latastei ebusitanaIbiza, SpainMost recent remains dated to 5295 BCE. The causes of extinction are presumed human induced due to the lack of climatic changes at the time, such as the introduction of exotic predators like feral dogs, pigs, and garden dormice by the first human settlers.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesAtlantic sturgeonAcipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchusEastern coast of North America and the Baltic regionLast known Baltic specimen was caught in 1996 near Muhumaa, Estonia. It was reintroduced to the Oder river in 2009, and to the Narva in 2013.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesSkadar naseChondrostoma scodrenseLake SkadarDescribed in 1987 from specimens preserved in the 1900s. Surveys of the lake failed to find any living animals. Danube delta gudgeonRomanogobio antipaiLower DanubeLast recorded in the 1960s.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesCoregonus bezolaLac du Bourget, FranceLast recorded individual caught in the late 19th century, though local testimonies suggest it persisted until the 1960s. True feraCoregonus feraLake GenevaLast recorded in 1920. Became extinct due to eutrophication and overfishing. Lake Constance whitefishCoregonus gutturosusLake ConstanceNot recorded since eutrophication of the lake peaked in the early 1970s, killing all eggs. GravencheCoregonus hiemalisLake GenevaNot recorded since the early 1900s. Likely disappeared due to eutrophication and overfishing. Coregonus restrictusLake Morat, SwitzerlandLast recorded in 1890, likely because of eutrophication. Salvelinus neocomensisLake Neuchâtel, SwitzerlandLast recorded in 1904.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesBeloribitsaStenodus leucichthysCaspian Sea, Volga, Ural and Terek river drainagesLast recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesHoutingCoregonus oxyrinchusSouthern North Sea, Scheldt, Meuse and Rhine Basins up to Cologne, and southeastern EnglandDisappeared around 1940 as a result of water pollution. Though treated as a different species since about 1700, a genetic study in 2023 found the houting indistinguishable from the lavaret (Coregonus lavaretus) still extant in Great Britain, the Alpine area, and waterways it was introduced to.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsTechirghiol sticklebackGasterosteus crenobiontusLake Techirghiol, RomaniaLast recorded in the 1960s. Extinct as a result of hybridization with the three spined stickleback; the springs it inhabited were separated from the latter's habitat by a hypersaline lake acting as barrier between the species, until irrigation works transformed the lake into a brackish one that was invaded by migratory three spined sticklebacks.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsUkrainian migratory lampreyEudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory'Dniestr, Dniepr, and Don River drainagesDisappeared in the late 19th century for unknown reasons.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsSpined dwarf mantisAmeles fasciipennisProbably near Tolentino, ItalyKnown only from the holotype, probably collected around 1871. Pseudoyersinia brevipennisHyères, FranceOnly known from the holotype collected in 1860.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsIberian lynx louseFelicola isidoroiAndújar, SpainOnly known from a male adult and a nymph found on a dead Iberian lynx in 1997, itself a critically endangered species with low population density and disjunct distribution at the time. Besides difficulties in mixing and exchanging populations, the lice was threatened by the fact that lynxes taken to captive breeding centers were systematically deloused.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesBritish large copperLycaena dispar disparEngland, United KingdomLast recorded in 1864. Moss land silver studded bluePlebejus argus masseyiLancashire and Cumbria, United KingdomLast recorded in 1942. Dutch alcon bluePhengaris alcon arenariaUtrecht and Holland, NetherlandsLast recorded in 1980. British large bluePhengaris arion eutyphronSouthern BritainLast recorded in 1979. The subspecies P. a. arion was later introduced from Sweden to replace it.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesManchester mothEuclemensia woodiellaKersal Moor, United KingdomLast recorded in the 1820s. Only three museum specimens remain.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsTobias' caddisflyHydropsyche tobiasiThe Main River and the Rhine up to Cologne, GermanyLast collected in 1938. Both the Main and the Rhine were heavily polluted around that time and all local caddisfly species disappeared. Although other caddisflies returned after water quality improved, this species has not been recorded since.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPoecilobothrus majesticusWalton on the Naze, Essex, United KingdomLast recorded in 1907. The causes of extinction are unknown.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesGraecoanatolica macedonicaDoiran Lake on the Greece North Macedonia borderLast recorded in 1987 and deemed extinct as a result of water substraction, which peaked in 1988. However, fresh shells collected in 2009 may hint to its continued survival. Ohridohauffenia drimicaUpper Drin River in North MacedoniaLast recorded before 1983. Disappeared when the river was drained.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsBelgrandia varicaVar River Delta, FranceNot seen since 1870. The documented area of distribution was greatly urbanized, degraded, and polluted afterward. Belgrandiella boetersiTiefsteinschlucht, AustriaNot seen in surveys since at least 1968. It likely declined due to groundwater abstraction and habitat degradation.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsZonites santoriniensisSantorini, GreeceWiped out by the Minoan eruption. Zonites siphnicusSifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, GreeceOnly known from subfossil remains collected in 1935 1936.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsZonites emboliumIslets of Dyo Adelfoi, Megali Zafrano, Karavonisi, and Divounia, inbetween Astypalaia and Karpathos, GreeceKnown only from subfossil shells in three islets and last recorded in the fourth in 1985. Likely declined due to habitat alteration caused by fire, tourism, and military construction.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsParmacella gervaisiiLa Crau, Provence, FranceNot seen since its description in 1874. The species has been suggested to be the same as, or related to Drusia deshayesii from northern Morocco and Algeria, as well as an introduced species.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesIvell's sea anemoneEdwardsia ivelliWidewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United KingdomNot recorded since 1983, possibly because of water pollution.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsHieracium cambricogothicumGreat BritainLast collected in 1970.

Scientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesLysimachia minoricensisBarranc de Sa Vall, Minorca, SpainDisappeared from the wild between 1926 and 1950. The causes are unknown.

Common nameScientific nameRangeCommentsPicturesInterrupted bromeBromus interruptusWash to Severn estuaries, United KingdomDisappeared from the wild in 1972, probably due to crop sprays and improved seed screening. Reintroduced in 2001.