История правителей Фризии: от вождей до мэров

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This is a list of historically verifiable, legendary and fictitious rulers of Frisia, whether they were called chieftains, counts, dukes or kings. The earliest names of Frisian rulers are documented by the chronicles of the Merovingian (Frankish) kings, with whom they were contemporaries. In these chronicles, these rulers were styled dux, a Latin term for leader which is the origin of the title duke and its cognates in other languages. English sources refer to them as kings. After coming under Frankish rule, the Frisian districts were governed by counts, later on also by dukes and bishops exerting the count's privileges. The power of these counts was restricted, however, due to the decentralized nature of the maritime landscape, which prevented large scale military operations. After the Treaty of Verdun (843) Frisia was allocated to Middle Francia, after the Treaty of Meersen (870) it became part of East Francia, i. e. the German Kingdom. The foreign largely Saxon magnates that held office were dependent on local nobles helping them to exploit privileges, administer justice and raise troops. Only in the coastal districts of Holland a local dynasty developed, due to extensive royal domains. In fact, the Frisians were ruled by local officials such as the frana and skelta, that were in most cases appointed by counts. As the power of counts waned during the 12th century, these functionaries were replaced by elected grietmannen (prosecutors) in Friesland or redjeva (judges or advocati) in Groningen and East Frisia. The position of grietmannen evolved towards a government office and was ultimately transformed into the office of mayor in 1851.

Note that a supposed "House of Frisia" as well as the names of most members of the house are mythological or fictitious. Early modern historians created the story of a continuous dynasty. After the Migration Period, several Frisian Kingdoms may have emerged in the districts northwest of the Frankish Kingdom, each districts characterized by a distincive style of ornaments. One of these kingdoms may have been ruled by the legendary Finn, son of Folcwald, well known from Beowulf, Widsith and the Finnesburg Fragment. Acoording the legend, Finn was killed by the Saxon leaders Hengist, who migrated to Britain in 449 and founded the Kingdom of Kent thereafter. The early medieval Frisians were in fact, like Hengist and Horsa, immigrants from Anglo Saxon descent, absorbing the older name of the Frisii that inhabitated the area in Roman times. Under Radbod of Frisia the Frisian kingship reached its maximum geographical extent, covering the coastal districts of North and South Holland (Frisia ulterior) with parts of Utrecht and the town of Dorestad (Frisia citerior). Radbod may also have extended his power to the province of Fryslân, but his rule did not extend farther East. The province of Zeeland may already have been under Frankish rule during his lifetime. In 722 the Frisian land west of the River Vlie came under Frankish rule and were christianized. In 734, after the Battle of the Boarn, the area west of the Lauwers (nowadays Friesland) was occupied by the Franks. The Frisians east of the Lauwers (Groningen and East Frisia) were subjugated in 785. The Frisians immigrants of the isle of Helgoland and in Schleswig Holstein remained under Danish or Jutish rule.

1203? 1222, William of Frisia, in 1178 William's brother Baldwin becomes bishop of Utrecht while his other brother Dirk VII is Count of Holland so Holland and Utrecht agree to make William ruler of Middle Frisia, his power in Frisia fades after his victory in the Loon War and his descendants would not inherit it. Many Frisians followed William in the Fifth crusade as documented in De itinere Frisonum.

1156, The Frisian diet or ding at the Upstalsboom. What starts out as a loose gathering becomes an increasingly formal alliance or Confederacy, in a response to increased aggression from the counts of Holland, continues in Potestaat of Friesland