Ханна Адамс: Первая профессиональная писательница Америки.

American author

Hannah Adams (October 2, 1755December 15, 1831) was an American author of books on comparative religion and early United States history. She was born in Medfield, Massachusetts and died in Brookline. Adams is believed to have been the first woman in the U. S. to work as a professional writer. She was the second of five children born to Thomas Adams and Elizabeth Clark. Born in "humble obscurity" in a remote country town, in part self educated, she lived at a time when women in New England were rarely educated. Suffering from ill health, often poor and obliged to resort to various occupations for her sustenance, she doggedly pursued her studies. Her father, educated at Harvard College, kept a small country store, dealing among other things in books. He also boarded some students of divinity, from whom Adams learned Greek and Latin, which she subsequently taught. Adams' first work, A View of Religions, was published in 1784, with a second and enlarged edition in 1791. The emolument she derived from this not only placed her in a comfortable situation, but enabled her to pay the debts she had contracted during her and her sister's illness, and lended a small sum at interest. In 1799, she published A Summary History of New England. In gathering materials for this work, among old manuscripts, she seriously impaired her eyesight and had to employ an amanuensis to prepare the copy for the printers. Her most elaborate work, The History of the Jews since the destruction of Jerusalem, was reprinted in London in 1818 at the expense and for the benefit of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. She started an autobiography, which was published after her death by Hannah Farnham Sawyer Lee. During the later years of her life, she enjoyed a comfortable annuity, raised by her friends.

Adams belonged to a family which for generations had held important trusts in her native town. Her ancestor, Henry Adams, was one of the founders of the town. Her grandfather was a land proprietor. Having prepared for Harvard College his only son Thomas — Hannah's father — he strongly opposed his leaving him, desiring, as he had a delicate constitution, that he should settle upon his large farm. A student by nature, and not particularly fond of agricultural pursuits, Thomas stayed on the farm and opened a shop for the sale of English books and goods. In 1750, he married Elizabeth Clark, who died when Hannah was 11 years of age, leaving five children. The care of Hannah and a younger sister fell upon the eldest daughter Elizabeth, nicknamed "Betty". Hannah was an extremely timid child. Being delicate in health, she did not attend the neighborhood school, but, under the care of her father, learned at home, namely, reading, writing and arithmetic. She was enthusiastic over poetry, committing much of the works of her favorite poets, Milton, Thomson, and Young, and others. She did not neglect history or biography, in which she found, as she said, an inexhaustible fund to "feast her mind and gratify her taste." She was fond of novels, the reading of which, in the seclusion of her early years, gave her, she afterwards said, false ideas of life, the "world her imagination made being not what the real world was." Indeed, all her life she felt the lack of thorough training in her youth. By the time she was 20 years of age, few women at that time had read more than she. Her chief delight being in literary pursuits, she eagerly accepted the offer of some gentlemen boarding at her father's house, to teach her Latin, Greek, geography and logic. A few years after her mother's death, her father failed in business. Although blessed with the help of her sister Elizabeth, Hannah felt the need of adding her share to the family support. She turned to sewing, knitting and spinning, finding the most profit, however, in weaving bobbin lace. However, after the Revolutionary War, when lace was imported, this resource failed, and she was left in a desperate condition. It was at this time that she found financial support in teaching Greek and Latin to three young men living in the vicinity of her home. One of these, Pitt Clarke, was afterwards the pastor of the church at Norton, Massachusetts for over 40 years. In his autobiography published in the "History of Norton," he said, in reference to Adams: "Under her tuition principally I fitted for college, and was admitted into Cambridge University, July, 1786." Her father had found solace in books through his ill fortunes, and was happiest when making trips to the Harvard College Library. Once, upon entering the building, he exclaimed, "I'd rather be librarian of Harvard College than emperor of all the Russias".

During the American Revolutionary War, she went to work to help support the family by sewing, knitting, spinning, and weaving bobbin lace. From the lacemaking she derived the most profit, and when, after the Revolution, this resource failed, lace then being imported, she had financial difficulties. Soon after, she had the opportunity to tutor three young men of her neighborhood in Latin and Greek; and so well was this work done that one of them afterward said that her tuition principally fitted him for college. Her writings brought her little money, yet they secured her fame and many friends, first among them the Abbé Grégoire, with whom she carried on an extensive correspondence. The quality of her scholarship also earned her the respect and friendship of several prominent Boston intellectuals, most notably William Smith Shaw and Joseph Stevens Buckminster. These men would soon establish the Anthology Society, precursor to the Boston Athenæum, and become Adams's lifelong allies and patrons, establishing in 1809 a modest annuity that would keep her out of poverty. The sponsorship of these gentlemen aided her in preparing History of the Jews (1812). Adams was the first professional author to be a member of the Boston Athenæum, where some of her letters, early editions of her books and her portrait by Chester Harding are kept. Her autobiography, edited with additions by Lee, was published in Boston in 1832.

Adams's second work, A Summary History of New England, was written after an experience in country school teaching, and was published in 1799. In 1801, a third edition of her first work, further enlarged, was brought out. Next, she prepared a volume of selections from various authors under the title of Truth and Excellence of the Christian Religion, working up her material in the Boston bookshops, since she was unable to purchase or borrow the books she desired to consult. In 1805, there appeared an abridgment of the history of New England, which brought her into conflict with the Rev. Jedidiah Morse, author of the first geography of the U. S., who had published a similar work. A sharp controversy ensued in which the woman's side was championed by several friends, chief among them being Shaw, one of the Anthology Club men.

The material for her History of the Jews (1812), was largely gathered in the Boston Athenæum, by permission of Shaw. She also found a friend and helper in Mr. Buckminster, minister, of the Brattle Street Church, another of the Anthology Club group, who gave her the freedom of his study and library. President John Adams, too, gave her the use of his library, then in his home in Quincy. While this history was progressing, she was obliged to work at straw braiding for her support. But at length, through the energy of some Boston women of station, a small annuity was subscribed for her which rendered her closing years comfortable. Her last book, Letters on the Gospels, was written when she was 70. She drifted cheerfully into old age. She entertained the friends who gathered in her little parlor with recitations of her poetry which she learned in girlhood.

Mrs. Josiah Quincy III, the wife of Boston's mayor, was the "highly esteemed friend" who requested Adams to write her autobiography. This fragmentary account of her life, —less than 50 pages, — edited by Mrs. Lee the year after her death, was written in the hope that it might become a pecuniary benefit to an aged and infirm sister, who for many years had shared her small earnings. It contains a lithograph of the portrait of Adams, which Chester Harding (painter) painted a few years before her death at the request of Elizabeth Peabody and other friends. The portrait was placed in the Boston Athenaeum, which also contains all of Adams's books.