Введение
Правителем западноафриканской империи Борну был аль-Хаджи Идрис Алума (родившийся Идрис ибн Али), май (правитель) империи Борну (годы правления 1571–1602/03), охватывающей части Чада, Камеруна, Нигера и Нигерии. Его достижения в основном зафиксированы Ахмадом бин Фартувой, его главным имамом. Его правление ознаменовало конец гражданских войн в Канеме, объединив Н’джими, бывшую столицу, под контролем Сайфава. Кроме того, он провел значительные правовые реформы, основанные на исламском праве, учредив суды кади, которые действовали независимо от исполнительной власти. Ему приписывают то, что он привел империю к периоду расцвета в конце XVI и начале XVII веков. Борну переживала нестабильность до его правления, включая голод, набеги соседей и внутренние конфликты. К концу своего правления он успешно расширил влияние Борну на обширные территории, включая большую часть Хаусаленда, туарегов Айра, тебу Бильмы, Тибести и даже була Канема. Особенно следует отметить приобретение Айра и Бильмы, что дало Борну стратегический контроль над центральными сахаро-торговыми путями. Это развитие значительно способствовало процветанию Идриса Алумы и его преемников, позволяя им укреплять дипломатические отношения с североафриканскими державами, в частности с Триполи. В конце XVI века расширение Османского халифата в направлении Феззана, важного торгового узла в транссахарской торговле, вызвало обеспокоенность Борну. Алума предпринял попытку переговоров со Стамбулом с целью вернуть контроль над Феззаном, но султан Мурад III отказал, призвав к дружественным отношениям с Борну. По мере нарастания напряженности Борну обратился за помощью к Ахмаду аль-Мансуру из Марокко, возможно, чтобы противостоять османскому контролю. Хотя аль-Мансур согласился при определенных условиях, нет исторических свидетельств его реальной поддержки. Она столкнулась со значительными трудностями в обеспечении его выживания во время правления Дунамы (годы правления 1539–1557), который сменил май Али (отца Идриса) из-за отсутствия взрослых наследников-мужчин, и Абдуллахи (годы правления 1557–1564).
al Haj Idris Alooma (born Idris ibn Ali) was Mai (ruler) of the Bornu empire (r. 1571–1602/03), covering parts of Chad, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria. His achievements are primarily chronicled by Ahmad bin Fartuwa, his chief Imam. His reign marked the end of the Kanem civil wars within the state, reuniting N'jimi, the former capital, under Sayfawa control. Furthermore, he introduced significant legal reforms based on Islamic law, establishing qadi courts that operated independently from the executive branch. He is credited with leading the empire to what is often regarded as its zenith during the late 16th century and early 17th century. Bornu faced instability before his reign, including famines, raids from neighbours, and internal conflicts. By the conclusion of his rule, he had successfully expanded Bornu's influence over vast territories, including the majority of Hausaland, the Tuareg of Aïr, the Tebu of Bilma, Tibesti, and even the Bulala of Kanem. Of particular note is the acquisition of Aïr and Bilma, which granted Bornu strategic control over the central Saharan trade routes. This development significantly contributed to the prosperity of Idris Alooma and his successors, enabling them to foster improved diplomatic relations with North African powers, notably Tripoli. During the late 16th century, the Ottoman Caliphate's expansion towards Fezzan, an important trade hub in the trans Saharan trade, became a concern for Bornu. Alooma sought negotiations with Istanbul to regain control of Fezzan which Sultan Murad III declined, but urged amicable relations with Bornu. As tensions rose, Bornu sought aid from Morocco's Ahmad al Mansur, potentially to counter Ottoman control. Though al Mansur agreed conditionally, no historical evidence shows his actual support. She faced significant challenges in ensuring his survival during the reigns of Dunama (r. 1539–1557), who succeeded Mai Ali (Idris's father) due to there being no adult male heirs, and Abdullahi (r. 1557–1564),
Idris, as an infant, lost his father, Mai Ali ibn Idris Katagarmabe (r. 1538–1539),
Alooma introduced a number of legal and administrative reforms based on Islamic law. He established qadi courts to oversee legal proceedings, effectively separating the judiciary from the executive branch. Prior to his rule, only the ruling class and a number of clerical families had been Muslims and during the century long decline of the empire, the significance of the religion had diminished. It is noted by Ibn Fartua that, during Alooma's reign, most of the Bornu notables converted to Islam. Alooma also sponsored the construction of numerous mosques and introduced the use of fired red mud bricks in these constructions. The mud bricks replaced the more temporary reeds. Furthermore, he made at least two pilgrimages to Mecca, where he arranged for the establishment of a hostel to be used by pilgrims from his empire and a date grove. Government revenue came from tribute (or booty if the recalcitrant people had to be conquered) and duties on and participation in trade. Unlike West Africa, the Chadian region did not have gold. Still, it was central to one of the most convenient routes across the Sahara desert. Between Lake Chad and Fezzan lay a sequence of well spaced wells and oases and from Fezzan there were easy connections to North Africa and the Mediterranean. Many products were sent north, including natron (sodium carbonate), cotton, kola nuts, ivory, ostrich feathers, perfume, wax, and hides, but the most profitable trade was in slaves. Imports included salt, horses, silk, glass, muskets, and copper. He introduced the use of large boats capable of crossing the Lake Chad 'rapidly' replacing the smaller gagara boats from 'ancient times' which took two to three days to make the same journey. This allowed his army to travel faster and also supported trade in the region. Alooma also implemented the widespread establishment of ribats, fortified military posts, to uphold his authority and secure control across the entirety of Bornu. Furthermore, he is credited with introducing the use of camel cavalry in the Lake Chad region. The town was encircled by a deep ditch and was situated to the east of Mandara. Unlike similar towns in the region, Amsaka did not have a single ruler. He further described its inhabitants as "insolent, rebellious and very troublesome." Even before the establishment of N'gazargamu in the late 15th century, Amsaka had already gained a reputation as a mighty town that was heavily defended. Ibn Fartua remarked that Mai Ali Gaji used to make expeditions against "all the towns of the heathen except the land of Amsaka alone. The only reason they held off and left it alone was because of the power of its inhabitants in war and their stout defence of their town." Mai Idris admired the town for its "stubbornness and exclusiveness and presumption." In 1575, he, alongside Yamtarawalla, the chief of the Babur of Biu, made an initial attempt to invade and sack Amsaka, but he faced a fierce resistance and was repelled. After this initial failure, he took the time to carefully consider his next move. Some years later, he launched a second invasion, this time with a large army. However, instead of directly assaulting the city, he ordered his eager army to encamp just outside the town's east gate and to begin filling the deep trench that surrounded it. The people of Amsaka responded by hurling spears, rocks, burning thatch, and pots of boiling human waste at Alooma's men filling the trench, but these efforts proved ineffective. They also showered the trench fillers with arrows, which likewise did not deter them. Each night, the people of Amsaka would attempt to remove the bundles of guinea corn stalks that Alooma's army had placed in the trench. However, these actions did not discourage Mai Idris. In response, Mai Idris ordered that all the arrows fired at his army be collected, which caused the town's supply of arrowheads to start running low. He also ordered the construction of high platforms around the city, from which his musketeers could fire into Amsaka and provide cover for the trench fillers. Once the trench was successfully filled, Mai Idris commanded that the wooden stockade surrounding the city be chopped down, ultimately leading to the dismantling of Amsaka's defenses. Muhammad's rule was short lived as he was swiftly ousted by his uncle, Abd al Jalil, who not only terminated the negotiations but also declined any alliance with Idris. This refusal led to a conflict where Idris's forces suffered significant losses but ultimately emerged victorious. As a result, Njimi (the former capital of Kanem Bornu) and the surrounding areas to the east were incorporated into Bornu, although the rulership of Kanem was reinstated to Muhammad. Idris left behind a strong party of local dignitaries, who were primarily Shuwa Arabs, to support Muhammad's governance. However, circumstances necessitated Idris's return to Kanem, where he succeeded in fully annexing the region, thus integrating Kanem into the territory of Bornu.
Идрис, будучи младенцем, потерял своего отца, май Али ибн Идриса Катагармабе (годы правления 1538–1539).
al Haj Idris Alooma (born Idris ibn Ali) was Mai (ruler) of the Bornu empire (r. 1571–1602/03), covering parts of Chad, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria. His achievements are primarily chronicled by Ahmad bin Fartuwa, his chief Imam. His reign marked the end of the Kanem civil wars within the state, reuniting N'jimi, the former capital, under Sayfawa control. Furthermore, he introduced significant legal reforms based on Islamic law, establishing qadi courts that operated independently from the executive branch. He is credited with leading the empire to what is often regarded as its zenith during the late 16th century and early 17th century. Bornu faced instability before his reign, including famines, raids from neighbours, and internal conflicts. By the conclusion of his rule, he had successfully expanded Bornu's influence over vast territories, including the majority of Hausaland, the Tuareg of Aïr, the Tebu of Bilma, Tibesti, and even the Bulala of Kanem. Of particular note is the acquisition of Aïr and Bilma, which granted Bornu strategic control over the central Saharan trade routes. This development significantly contributed to the prosperity of Idris Alooma and his successors, enabling them to foster improved diplomatic relations with North African powers, notably Tripoli. During the late 16th century, the Ottoman Caliphate's expansion towards Fezzan, an important trade hub in the trans Saharan trade, became a concern for Bornu. Alooma sought negotiations with Istanbul to regain control of Fezzan which Sultan Murad III declined, but urged amicable relations with Bornu. As tensions rose, Bornu sought aid from Morocco's Ahmad al Mansur, potentially to counter Ottoman control. Though al Mansur agreed conditionally, no historical evidence shows his actual support. She faced significant challenges in ensuring his survival during the reigns of Dunama (r. 1539–1557), who succeeded Mai Ali (Idris's father) due to there being no adult male heirs, and Abdullahi (r. 1557–1564),
Idris, as an infant, lost his father, Mai Ali ibn Idris Katagarmabe (r. 1538–1539),
Alooma introduced a number of legal and administrative reforms based on Islamic law. He established qadi courts to oversee legal proceedings, effectively separating the judiciary from the executive branch. Prior to his rule, only the ruling class and a number of clerical families had been Muslims and during the century long decline of the empire, the significance of the religion had diminished. It is noted by Ibn Fartua that, during Alooma's reign, most of the Bornu notables converted to Islam. Alooma also sponsored the construction of numerous mosques and introduced the use of fired red mud bricks in these constructions. The mud bricks replaced the more temporary reeds. Furthermore, he made at least two pilgrimages to Mecca, where he arranged for the establishment of a hostel to be used by pilgrims from his empire and a date grove. Government revenue came from tribute (or booty if the recalcitrant people had to be conquered) and duties on and participation in trade. Unlike West Africa, the Chadian region did not have gold. Still, it was central to one of the most convenient routes across the Sahara desert. Between Lake Chad and Fezzan lay a sequence of well spaced wells and oases and from Fezzan there were easy connections to North Africa and the Mediterranean. Many products were sent north, including natron (sodium carbonate), cotton, kola nuts, ivory, ostrich feathers, perfume, wax, and hides, but the most profitable trade was in slaves. Imports included salt, horses, silk, glass, muskets, and copper. He introduced the use of large boats capable of crossing the Lake Chad 'rapidly' replacing the smaller gagara boats from 'ancient times' which took two to three days to make the same journey. This allowed his army to travel faster and also supported trade in the region. Alooma also implemented the widespread establishment of ribats, fortified military posts, to uphold his authority and secure control across the entirety of Bornu. Furthermore, he is credited with introducing the use of camel cavalry in the Lake Chad region. The town was encircled by a deep ditch and was situated to the east of Mandara. Unlike similar towns in the region, Amsaka did not have a single ruler. He further described its inhabitants as "insolent, rebellious and very troublesome." Even before the establishment of N'gazargamu in the late 15th century, Amsaka had already gained a reputation as a mighty town that was heavily defended. Ibn Fartua remarked that Mai Ali Gaji used to make expeditions against "all the towns of the heathen except the land of Amsaka alone. The only reason they held off and left it alone was because of the power of its inhabitants in war and their stout defence of their town." Mai Idris admired the town for its "stubbornness and exclusiveness and presumption." In 1575, he, alongside Yamtarawalla, the chief of the Babur of Biu, made an initial attempt to invade and sack Amsaka, but he faced a fierce resistance and was repelled. After this initial failure, he took the time to carefully consider his next move. Some years later, he launched a second invasion, this time with a large army. However, instead of directly assaulting the city, he ordered his eager army to encamp just outside the town's east gate and to begin filling the deep trench that surrounded it. The people of Amsaka responded by hurling spears, rocks, burning thatch, and pots of boiling human waste at Alooma's men filling the trench, but these efforts proved ineffective. They also showered the trench fillers with arrows, which likewise did not deter them. Each night, the people of Amsaka would attempt to remove the bundles of guinea corn stalks that Alooma's army had placed in the trench. However, these actions did not discourage Mai Idris. In response, Mai Idris ordered that all the arrows fired at his army be collected, which caused the town's supply of arrowheads to start running low. He also ordered the construction of high platforms around the city, from which his musketeers could fire into Amsaka and provide cover for the trench fillers. Once the trench was successfully filled, Mai Idris commanded that the wooden stockade surrounding the city be chopped down, ultimately leading to the dismantling of Amsaka's defenses. Muhammad's rule was short lived as he was swiftly ousted by his uncle, Abd al Jalil, who not only terminated the negotiations but also declined any alliance with Idris. This refusal led to a conflict where Idris's forces suffered significant losses but ultimately emerged victorious. As a result, Njimi (the former capital of Kanem Bornu) and the surrounding areas to the east were incorporated into Bornu, although the rulership of Kanem was reinstated to Muhammad. Idris left behind a strong party of local dignitaries, who were primarily Shuwa Arabs, to support Muhammad's governance. However, circumstances necessitated Idris's return to Kanem, where he succeeded in fully annexing the region, thus integrating Kanem into the territory of Bornu.
Алума ввел ряд правовых и административных реформ, основанных на исламском праве. Он учредил суды кади для надзора за судебными процессами, эффективно отделив судебную власть от исполнительной. До его правления мусульманами были только правящий класс и некоторые семьи духовенства, а в течение столетия упадка империи значение религии уменьшилось. Ибн Фартуа отмечает, что во время правления Алумы большинство знатных людей Борну приняли ислам. Алума также спонсировал строительство многочисленных мечетей и ввел использование обожженного красного глиняного кирпича в строительстве, заменив более временные тростниковые конструкции. Кроме того, он совершил как минимум два паломничества в Мекку, где организовал строительство постоялого двора для паломников из своей империи и финиковой рощи. Доходы государства поступали от дани (или добычи, если непокорных приходилось завоевывать) и пошлин на торговлю и участие в ней. В отличие от Западной Африки, в регионе Чада не было золота, но он был ключевым для одного из наиболее удобных маршрутов через Сахару. Между озером Чад и Феззаном располагалась последовательность хорошо расположенных колодцев и оазисов, а из Феззана были удобные связи с Северной Африкой и Средиземноморьем. На север отправлялось множество товаров, включая натрон (карбонат натрия), хлопок, орехи кола, слоновую кость, страусиные перья, духи, воск и шкуры, но наиболее прибыльной торговлей была торговля рабами. Импортировались соль, лошади, шелк, стекло, мушкеты и медь. Он ввел использование больших лодок, способных "быстро" пересекать озеро Чад, заменив более мелкие лодки гагара "древних времен", для пересечения которых требовалось два-три дня. Это позволило его армии быстрее передвигаться и поддержало торговлю в регионе. Алума также инициировал широкое строительство рибатов – укрепленных военных постов – для укрепления своей власти и обеспечения контроля над всей территорией Борну. Кроме того, ему приписывают введение в регионе озера Чад верблюжьей кавалерии. Город был окружен глубоким рвом и располагался к востоку от Мандары. В отличие от других городов в регионе, Амсака не имела единого правителя. Он описывал его жителей как "наглых, непокорных и очень проблемных". Еще до основания Н’газаргаму в конце XV века Амсака уже приобрела репутацию могущественного и хорошо защищенного города. Ибн Фартуа отметил, что май Али Гаджи совершал походы против "всех городов язычников, кроме земли Амсаки". Единственной причиной, по которой они воздерживались от нападения на нее, была сила ее жителей в войне и их надежная оборона города. Май Идрис восхищался городом за его "упрямство, замкнутость и надменность". В 1575 году он вместе с Ямтараваллой, вождем бабур из Биу, предпринял первую попытку вторжения и разграбления Амсаки, но столкнулся с ожесточенным сопротивлением и был отброшен. После этой неудачи он тщательно обдумал свой следующий шаг. Спустя несколько лет он предпринял второе вторжение, на этот раз с большой армией. Однако вместо прямой атаки на город он приказал своей нетерпеливой армии разбить лагерь у восточных ворот города и начать засыпать глубокий ров, окружавший его. Жители Амсаки отвечали, бросая копья, камни, горячую солому и горшки с кипящими человеческими отходами в людей Алумы, засыпавших ров, но эти усилия оказались неэффективными. Они также засыпали засыпающих ров стрелами, которые также не смогли их остановить. Каждую ночь жители Амсаки пытались удалить пучки стеблей сорго, которые армия Алумы помещала в ров, но эти действия не смутили май Идриса. В ответ май Идрис приказал собрать все стрелы, выпущенные в его армию, что привело к истощению запасов наконечников стрел в городе. Он также приказал построить высокие платформы вокруг города, с которых его мушкетеры могли бы вести огонь по Амсаке и прикрывать засыпающих ров. Как только ров был успешно засыпан, май Идрис приказал срубить деревянный частокол, окружавший город, что в конечном итоге привело к разрушению оборонительных сооружений Амсаки. Правление Мухаммеда было недолгим, поскольку его быстро сверг его дядя Абд аль-Джалил, который не только прекратил переговоры, но и отказался от любого союза с Идрисом. Этот отказ привел к конфликту, в котором силы Идриса понесли значительные потери, но в конечном итоге одержали победу. В результате Н’джими (бывшая столица Канема-Борну) и прилегающие к ней территории на востоке были включены в Борну, хотя правление Канема было восстановлено за Мухаммедом. Идрис оставил после себя сильную группу местных сановников, в основном арабов шува, для поддержки правления Мухаммеда. Однако обстоятельства вынудили Идриса вернуться в Канем, где ему удалось полностью аннексировать регион, тем самым интегрировав Канем в территорию Борну.
al Haj Idris Alooma (born Idris ibn Ali) was Mai (ruler) of the Bornu empire (r. 1571–1602/03), covering parts of Chad, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria. His achievements are primarily chronicled by Ahmad bin Fartuwa, his chief Imam. His reign marked the end of the Kanem civil wars within the state, reuniting N'jimi, the former capital, under Sayfawa control. Furthermore, he introduced significant legal reforms based on Islamic law, establishing qadi courts that operated independently from the executive branch. He is credited with leading the empire to what is often regarded as its zenith during the late 16th century and early 17th century. Bornu faced instability before his reign, including famines, raids from neighbours, and internal conflicts. By the conclusion of his rule, he had successfully expanded Bornu's influence over vast territories, including the majority of Hausaland, the Tuareg of Aïr, the Tebu of Bilma, Tibesti, and even the Bulala of Kanem. Of particular note is the acquisition of Aïr and Bilma, which granted Bornu strategic control over the central Saharan trade routes. This development significantly contributed to the prosperity of Idris Alooma and his successors, enabling them to foster improved diplomatic relations with North African powers, notably Tripoli. During the late 16th century, the Ottoman Caliphate's expansion towards Fezzan, an important trade hub in the trans Saharan trade, became a concern for Bornu. Alooma sought negotiations with Istanbul to regain control of Fezzan which Sultan Murad III declined, but urged amicable relations with Bornu. As tensions rose, Bornu sought aid from Morocco's Ahmad al Mansur, potentially to counter Ottoman control. Though al Mansur agreed conditionally, no historical evidence shows his actual support. She faced significant challenges in ensuring his survival during the reigns of Dunama (r. 1539–1557), who succeeded Mai Ali (Idris's father) due to there being no adult male heirs, and Abdullahi (r. 1557–1564),
Idris, as an infant, lost his father, Mai Ali ibn Idris Katagarmabe (r. 1538–1539),
Alooma introduced a number of legal and administrative reforms based on Islamic law. He established qadi courts to oversee legal proceedings, effectively separating the judiciary from the executive branch. Prior to his rule, only the ruling class and a number of clerical families had been Muslims and during the century long decline of the empire, the significance of the religion had diminished. It is noted by Ibn Fartua that, during Alooma's reign, most of the Bornu notables converted to Islam. Alooma also sponsored the construction of numerous mosques and introduced the use of fired red mud bricks in these constructions. The mud bricks replaced the more temporary reeds. Furthermore, he made at least two pilgrimages to Mecca, where he arranged for the establishment of a hostel to be used by pilgrims from his empire and a date grove. Government revenue came from tribute (or booty if the recalcitrant people had to be conquered) and duties on and participation in trade. Unlike West Africa, the Chadian region did not have gold. Still, it was central to one of the most convenient routes across the Sahara desert. Between Lake Chad and Fezzan lay a sequence of well spaced wells and oases and from Fezzan there were easy connections to North Africa and the Mediterranean. Many products were sent north, including natron (sodium carbonate), cotton, kola nuts, ivory, ostrich feathers, perfume, wax, and hides, but the most profitable trade was in slaves. Imports included salt, horses, silk, glass, muskets, and copper. He introduced the use of large boats capable of crossing the Lake Chad 'rapidly' replacing the smaller gagara boats from 'ancient times' which took two to three days to make the same journey. This allowed his army to travel faster and also supported trade in the region. Alooma also implemented the widespread establishment of ribats, fortified military posts, to uphold his authority and secure control across the entirety of Bornu. Furthermore, he is credited with introducing the use of camel cavalry in the Lake Chad region. The town was encircled by a deep ditch and was situated to the east of Mandara. Unlike similar towns in the region, Amsaka did not have a single ruler. He further described its inhabitants as "insolent, rebellious and very troublesome." Even before the establishment of N'gazargamu in the late 15th century, Amsaka had already gained a reputation as a mighty town that was heavily defended. Ibn Fartua remarked that Mai Ali Gaji used to make expeditions against "all the towns of the heathen except the land of Amsaka alone. The only reason they held off and left it alone was because of the power of its inhabitants in war and their stout defence of their town." Mai Idris admired the town for its "stubbornness and exclusiveness and presumption." In 1575, he, alongside Yamtarawalla, the chief of the Babur of Biu, made an initial attempt to invade and sack Amsaka, but he faced a fierce resistance and was repelled. After this initial failure, he took the time to carefully consider his next move. Some years later, he launched a second invasion, this time with a large army. However, instead of directly assaulting the city, he ordered his eager army to encamp just outside the town's east gate and to begin filling the deep trench that surrounded it. The people of Amsaka responded by hurling spears, rocks, burning thatch, and pots of boiling human waste at Alooma's men filling the trench, but these efforts proved ineffective. They also showered the trench fillers with arrows, which likewise did not deter them. Each night, the people of Amsaka would attempt to remove the bundles of guinea corn stalks that Alooma's army had placed in the trench. However, these actions did not discourage Mai Idris. In response, Mai Idris ordered that all the arrows fired at his army be collected, which caused the town's supply of arrowheads to start running low. He also ordered the construction of high platforms around the city, from which his musketeers could fire into Amsaka and provide cover for the trench fillers. Once the trench was successfully filled, Mai Idris commanded that the wooden stockade surrounding the city be chopped down, ultimately leading to the dismantling of Amsaka's defenses. Muhammad's rule was short lived as he was swiftly ousted by his uncle, Abd al Jalil, who not only terminated the negotiations but also declined any alliance with Idris. This refusal led to a conflict where Idris's forces suffered significant losses but ultimately emerged victorious. As a result, Njimi (the former capital of Kanem Bornu) and the surrounding areas to the east were incorporated into Bornu, although the rulership of Kanem was reinstated to Muhammad. Idris left behind a strong party of local dignitaries, who were primarily Shuwa Arabs, to support Muhammad's governance. However, circumstances necessitated Idris's return to Kanem, where he succeeded in fully annexing the region, thus integrating Kanem into the territory of Bornu.
Отношения с Северной Африкой и Османской империей
В конце XVI века в регионе Северной Африки наблюдалось усиление османского присутствия. После завоевания Магриба османское влияние, первоначально ограниченное прибрежными районами и окрестностями Триполи, начало расширяться на юг, особенно в сторону озера Чад, в район Борну. Во главе этой экспансии стоял Махмут-бей, санджакбей еялета Триполи. В 1577–1578 годах Махмут успешно захватил оазисы Феззана, что привело к изгнанию династии Авлад Мухаммад, правившей Феззаном на протяжении пятидесяти лет, в Кацину – город-государство хауса, предположительно находившийся под контролем Борну. События в Феззане напрямую затронули интересы Борну, учитывая его ключевое положение как торгового перекрестка в Центральной Сахаре. В ответ Алоома направил своего посла, аль-хадж Юсуфа, в Стамбул с просьбой к османам отказаться от крепости, известной как Феззан или Калат Каран (по мнению Б. Г. Мартина, она, вероятно, располагалась в Бильме на территории современной Нигерской Республики). Эта крепость, расположенная на торговом пути, соединявшем Борну с ливийским побережьем, являлась важнейшим стратегическим объектом. Султан Мурад III отказался уступить завоеванную территорию Май Идрису, однако отдал строгий приказ Махмуту и бейлербею Триполи поддерживать дружественные отношения с Борну и его подданными. На протяжении 1570-х годов взаимодействие между Борну и Османской империей продолжалось, и Алоома направил делегации в Стамбул еще дважды, последний раз – в 1579 году. Османский султан также призвал бейлербеев Египта и Туниса укреплять дружественные связи с Борну и обеспечивать защиту борнуских паломников, направлявшихся в Мекку. Мотивы, последствия и итоги этой дипломатической миссии остаются неясными как с точки зрения Борну, так и Марокко. Широко распространено мнение, что аль-Мансур стремился создать халифат, соперничающий с Османской империей, и использовал это посольство для достижения этой цели. Однако намерения Май Идриса остаются невыясненными. Вскоре после последнего послания Май Идриса к аль-Мансуру, в период с 1582–1583 по 1585 год, весь османский гарнизон в Феззане был уничтожен, что привело к возвращению династии Авлад Мухаммад из Кацины для восстановления управления регионом. По мнению историка доктора Реми Девиера, совпадение этих событий не было случайным, что позволяет предположить, что Идрис Алоома спланировал возвращение Феззана. Девиер также утверждает, что присяга на верность (бай'а) Алоомы была «чисто символической», и что он воспользовался соперничеством между аль-Мансуром и Мурадом III «для решения локальной проблемы». Учитывая исламскую легитимность османских султанов как защитников Священных городов ислама, а также то, что Триполи и Каир являлись важными экономическими партнерами под османским контролем, союз с аль-Мансуром, соперничающим халифом, предоставил Алооме возможность бросить вызов османской гегемонии и исламскому наследию в Феззане. Однако непризнание аль-Мансура законным халифом ислама означало, что любые действия против османов могли быть расценены как оскорбление улемов. После восстановления династии Авлад Мухаммад Борну вновь установил контроль над торговым путем Борну – Триполи, ранее находившимся под властью Османской империи.
Смерть
Май Идрис был убит недалеко от Майдугури лучником, которого называли "язычником" и который прятался на дереве. В то время, как сообщается, этот регион населяли народы Гамаргу и Мабани. Его похоронили посреди озера Алау, откуда и его прозвище Алау-ма или Алоу-ма.